DOSAGE AND SYMPTOMS. 157 



From Class III it would appear 



(a) That even if rabbits can stand as much as 292 grains, or as little as 24.5 grains, 

 the color is harmful. 



From Class IV it would appear 



(a) That if 42 grains kill a human, the color is harmful. 



(6) That even if humans can stand as much as 3 grains without untoward effect, 

 the color is harmful. 



The conclusions that may be drawn from these data are: 



1. If a dog is killed by 



(a) 603 grains per 100 pounds body weight, the color may be harmful. 

 (6) 582 grains per 100 pounds body weight, the color may be harmless. 



2. If a dog can bear without effect 



(a) 407 grains per 100 pounds body weight, the color may be harmful. 

 (6) 198 grains per 100 pounds body weight, the color may be harmless. 



3. If albuminuria is produced in a dog by 



(a) 38 grains, or 143 grains per 100 pounds, body weight the color may be harm- 

 less. 



(6) 79 grains, or 128 grains per 100 pounds body weight, the color may be harm- 

 ful. 



4. If diarrhea is produced in a dog by 



(a) 70 grains per 100 pounds body weight, the color may be harmless. 

 (6) 50 grains per 100 pounds body weight, the color may be harmful. 



5. If vomiting and albuminuria are produced in a dog by 127 grains per 100 pounds 

 body weight, the color is not necessarily harmful. 



6. If small amounts of color produce in a dog diarrhea or albuminuria, and larger 

 amounts do not, the color may be harmless. 



7. Even though rabbits can withstand 292 grains per 100 pounds body weight, the 

 color is not necessarily harmless, but may be harmful. 



8. If 42 grains kill a human, the color is harmful. 



9. If a human can withstand 3 grains without effect the color is not necessarily 

 harmless, but may be harmful. 



10. If a human can not withstand 3 grains, even though it can withstand 1 grains, 

 the color is not necessarily harmless, but may be harmful. 



Lehmann (Methoden der praktischen Hygiene, 1890, p. 545} says: 



I regard such substances as harmful to health which when fed to a sound dog in 

 doses of a few decigrams per day produce at once, or after a few repetitions of the dose, 

 disturbances in the health of the dog; on the other hand, dyes which in doses of from 

 one to several grams can be taken for weeks on end without causing any disturbance 

 or only slight intestinal disturbances or a slight and passing albuminuria can be 

 regarded as harmless. It should never be forgotten that a few milligrams of a coal- 

 tar color dyes very strongly and it is not easy even by most extraordinary use of 

 colored objects, e. g., by children that more than milligrams, at most centigrams, 

 of dye can be introduced into the human stomach. In extremely large doses many 

 substances, for example, all our condiments, are naturally harmful. 



Of 65 dogs weighed and experimented on by Chlopin the average 

 weight was 9.2 kilograms, or 20.3 pounds; almost half the dogs (30) 

 weighed between 6 and 11 kilos. 



To adapt the rules of Lehmann to a basis of grains per 100 pounds of 

 body weight, assuming the average weight of a dog to be 20 pounds, 



