402 On Grass Land. 



duce into hay; after-grass, or rowen; fogging grass-lands 

 transplanting turf; cultivated grasses, and the means of 

 consuming their produce, either by soiling, or making it into 

 hay; tethering stock or hurdling them; and -the con- 

 version of arable into grass land, under the system of the 

 alternate, or convertible husbandry. 



1. Upland Pastures. 



In several districts, where the management of stock is 

 conducted in the most systematic manner, the farmers have 

 greatly improved upland pastures, by drawing surface drains 

 diagonally across the face of the hills, wherever injurious 

 moisture appears. The produce of these pastures is thus ren- 

 dered, not only more palatable and wholesome, but the wa- 

 ters, by being conducted gently downward, in different small 

 channels, are prevented from cutting those deep chasms in 

 the hill sides, by which, in the times of heavy rain, the moun- 

 tain pastures are often much injured ( a9 ). 



The next great improvement of which these tracts are 

 susceptible, is that of filling the soil, with the earliest and 

 most productive plants, that will grow in such soils and local 

 climates ( a91 ). For that purpose the ground, where it will ad- 

 mit of cultivation, ought to be ploughed, and laid down, af- 

 ter being limed, with the grass-seeds best calculated for that 

 purpose. They are enumerated in the Addenda, Nol3ll. 



Among the rules which judicious farmers practise, in re- 

 gard to the management of upland pastures, the following 

 deserve to be selected : 1. Besides a ring fence, the whole 

 valuable pastures should be divided into separate fields and 

 inclosed, as the same extent of land, when sheltered, and 

 properly treated, will feed a greater quantity of stock, and 

 to better purpose, than when in an open and exposed state. 

 2. Not to overstock upland pastures ; for when this is done, 

 the cattle are not only starved, and the quantity of herbage 

 diminished, but the soil is impoverished. 3. When the pas- 

 ture ground is inclosed and subdivided, the stock ought to 

 be shifted from one inclosure to another, at proper inter- 

 vals ; giving the first of the grass to the fattening, in pre- 

 ference to the rearing stock. This practice tends to in- 

 crease the quantity of grass, which has thus time to get 

 up ; arid the ground being fresh and untainted, when the 

 stock return to it, more especially if rain has fallen, they 

 will feed with greater appetite and relish. 4. The dung 

 dropt by the stock, while feeding, should be spread about, 



