30 NOTES. 



80 There is reason to believe, that very useful plants might be obtained from 

 America, for the purposes of inclosure. The cockspur, or Newcastle thorn, 

 produced and cultivated in the Delaware State, has a thorn, or pike, strong 

 and sharp, from one and a half to three inches in length. The Virginia thorn, 

 which makes an excellent fence, is a still more rapid and uniform grower, 

 with an abundant armour of prickles, about an inch long, and remarkably 

 sharp. American Farmer, June 25. 1819. It would be extremely desirable^ 

 to have these plants tried, and compared with the European white thorn. 



81 Kames's Gentleman Farmer, p. 272. Husbandry of Scotland, vol. i, 

 p. 47. Derbyshire Report, vol. iii. p. 270. 



82 Gentleman Farmer, p. 274. 



83 Herefordshire Report, p. 50. Marshall's Review of the Western De- 

 partment, p. 522. Others think, that the old sets should be used only for 

 filling up gaps, and for this purpose should be planted with good roots, and with 

 careful digging below. They should also be left a foot and a half taller than 

 the adjoining stools of the hedge, because they do not shoot so early. 



84 NeilPs Horticultural Tour in Flanders, &c. printed anno 1823, p. 204. 



85 The Galloway form, two feet high, with a coping, or a rugged row of 

 stones above the wall, would answer the purpose of protection sufficiently. 



86 Stirlingshire Report, p. 123. This plan was adopted by a gentleman 

 in Scotland, the late Mr Forbes of Callander, who planted six millions of thorns, 

 and whose line of fences measured about four hundred miles in length. As 

 the mound is narrow, and the ditches deep, there is a risk, that the rain water 

 will run off, and not reach the roots of the thorns, in which case they must be- 

 come stunted, owing to the want of an adequate supply of moisture. 



87 Husbandry of Scotland, vol. i. p. 51. A long branch or stem must be 

 half cut through, near the ground, fixed firmly in the surface by notched stakes,, 

 and covered with earth. The extreme end strikes root. 



88 Communications to the Board of Agriculture, vol. ii. p. 14. 



89 Marshall's Review of the Northern Department, p. 41. 



90 General Report of Scotland, vol. i. p. 312. 



91 See Blaikie's Tract on the Management of Hedges, p. 6. 



92 General Report of Scotland, vol. i. p. 314. Blaikie on Hedges, p. 33,, 

 and 46. When strong stems are of necessity left high, they should be notched, 

 that is, pieces of wood cut clean out of them about half through the stems. 

 Young shoots push out immediately below those wounds ; and by that means, 

 the succeeding growth of the hedge is equalised, and the fence made more per- 

 fect. A hedge so cut, may afterwards be kept in good order by merely brush- 

 ing upon the side shoots with a sharp scimeter hook, having a long handle. 



93 Brown on Rural Affairs, vol. ii. p. 299. 



94 Quicks have been found to answer well in middling soils, at nine inches 

 asunder. 



95 Husbandry of Scotland, vol. i. p. 50, note. 



96 Brown's Rural Affairs, vol. ii. p. 500. 



97 Kames's Gentleman Farmer, p. 273. 



98 Communications to the Board of Agriculture, vol. ii. p. 42. 



99 See Essay on Whin Hedges, by John Gordon, Esq. of Swiney. Trans- 

 actions of the Highland Society of Scotland, vol. iv. p. 341. 



100 From the stiffness of its branches, it may grow well near the sea. 



101 See Harte's Essay on Husbandry, p. 114; also Weston's Tracks on 

 Practical Agriculture, second edition, p. 131 ; and opposite to p. 88, are plans 

 of what he calls the Palisade Horn-beam hedge. 



102 See a plan for that purpose in the Staffordshire Report, p. 43. 



103 Mr Middleton states, that these objections to timber-trees in hedge-rows, 

 might be in a great measure obviated, by keeping them' closely pruned belotr 

 the height of fifteen feet. 



