398 



Ds T DEX. 



EAR 



Earth continued . 



relations of the various bodies to 



heat, 13 



dependence of all terrestrial life upon 



the actual constitution of the atmo- 

 sphere, 18 



the harmonies between the physical 



constitution of the earth and its in- 

 habitants, 37 



effects of water and fire on the earth, 37 



formation of alluvial plains, 39 



beneficial effects of the inequalities 



of the earth's surface, 39, 40 



importance of the actual distribution 



of sea and land to the present con- 

 dition of organic life, 40 



gradual and constant progression 



from inferior to more perfect forms 

 of life shown by the petnfactions in 

 the earth, 41 



the coal-forming ages, 42, 43 



preparation of the earth for the re- 



ception of man, 42 



awful silence of the earth during the 



coal-forming ages, 43 



time required for the formation of 



the coal-fields, 43 



wise distribution of the fruits of the 



earth, 48 



influence of the mangrove in the for- 



mation of tropical delta-lands, 59 

 Earth-worms, 170 



their services to man, 170 

 Earwig, its parental affection, 225 

 Echinodermata, 132 



primeval sea-stars, 132 



feather-stars, 132 



snake-stars, 133 



sand-stars, 133 



star-fishes, 134 



echinus, or sea-urchin, 137 



sea-cucumbers, 139 



metamorphoses of the echinoderms, 



139 

 Echinus, or sea-urchin, 137 



structure of its shell, 137 



its dental apparatus, 138 

 Eels, respiration of, 261 



Eel, electric, organs of the, 255 



Indian mode of capturing them, 256 

 Egg-urchin, 139 



Elateridse, their jumping powers, 199 

 Electrical fishes, 255 

 Elephant, limbs of the, 327 



stomach of the, 348 



his sense of feeling in his proboscis, 



353 



his mode of destroying his assail- 



ant, 361 



his mental faculties, 378 



his docility, 378 



FOR 



Elephant-thorn, 68 



Eolis, 157 



Erigeron, origin of the, in Europe, 91 



Ermine-moth, its means of defence, 210 



Euryale, warted, 133 



FALCON, head of, 293 

 Feather-stars, 132 

 Feathers of birds, 286289 



their beautiful colours, 290 

 Felidse, their whiskers as a means of 



feeling, 353 



their weapons of offence and ag- 



gression, 355 

 Fig-tree, parasitic, 67 



stems of, 67 



File-fish, 250 



Fir-tree, roots of the, 57 



Fire, effects of, on the formation of the 



earth, 37, 38 

 Fishes, 247 



their constant wars, 247 



their fecundity necessary to main- 



tain the necessary equilibrium, 248 



their migrations, 248 



their means of attack and defence, 



250 



their dental apparatuses, 251 



electrical fish, 253 



diversity of the forms of fishes, 257 



skeleton of fishes, 257 



their fins, 258 



their air-bladders, 258 



their gills, 259 



their migrations, 261 



their mode of taking their prey, 262 



senses of fishes, 264 



their eyes, 264, 265 



parental affection of fishes, 266 

 Flamingo, beak of the, 297 



tongue of the, 297 



Flax plants, usefulness of the, 67 

 Flowers, variety of, 79 



fragrance of, 79 



the calyx and corolla, 79 



the pistils, 80 



the anther and pollen, 80 



means of fructification, 82 

 Flustrse, or sea-mats, 141 



avicularia, 144 



their metamorphoses, 144 

 Fly, domestic, foot of the, 201 



spiracle of the, 203 

 Flying-fishes, 259 

 Flying-foxes, 323 

 Flying-squirrels, 324 

 Fogs, formation of, 31 

 Foraminifera, the, 102 



their minuteness, 103 



their geological importance, 104 



