Dec. 12, 1884.] 



♦ KNOWLEDGE ♦ 



465 



around the North Pole, ■which in the southern skies means 

 from right to left. 



The constellations included in the set of maps are 

 numbered throughout as follows : — 



3. 

 i. 



5. 



0. 



7. 



8. 



0. 



10. 



11. 



12. 

 13. 



14. 

 15. 



IG. 



17. 



18. 

 19. 

 20. 



21. 



Ursa Minor, the Little Bear : 22. 



(a, the Pole Star). 



Draco, the Dro'ion (n, 23. 



Thuban) ' 24. 



Cepheus, Kinii Cepheus. 25. 



CuKsiopeia, the Laihj in the 26. 



Cliair. 



Perseus, the Clmmpion (/^, 27. 



Ahjol, famous variable). 28. 



Auri^ja, the Charioteer (a, j 29. 



C'apella) \ 30. 



Ursa Major, tlie Greater 31 



Hear (a, /i, the Pointers). 

 Canes Venatici, the Iluntinij 



Doijs (n. Cor Varoli). 32, 



Coma Berenices, i^ueen \ 33. 



Berenice's Hair. ] 



BoiJtes, the Herdsinun (a, \ 34. 



Arcturus). 



Corona Borealis, the JVor- 3o. 



them Crou-n, 



Serpens, the Serpent. 3G. 



Hercules, the Kneeler. 37. 



Lyra, the Xi/re (n, T'eya). 38. 

 Ci/<7Jiiis, the Siean (o, 



ki-uFfiJ; /3, J (tires). 39. 



Pegaius, the Winged Horse. 40. 



j4«rfroTOeda, the Chained 41. 



iady. 

 Triangula, the TnajijZcs. 



^4rifs, the Z?a))!. 42. 



Taurus, the J3uH (a, Aide- 43. 



iiarau ; »j. ^it'i/07if, chief 44. 



Pleiad). 



Oemini, the Titiii.? (a, 45. 



Cas(or ; /3, Pollux). 



Cancer, the Crab (the 



cluster is the Beehiee). 

 Leo, the Lion (a, Regulus). 

 Virgo, the Virgin (o, jSpica). 

 Libra, the Scales. 

 Ophiuchus, the Serpent 



Holder. 

 Aquila, the Eagle (a,Altair), 

 Velphinus, the Co(p/itn. 

 .4i;i(«rii(s, the ITa^er Carrier. 

 Pisces, the Fishes. 

 Cetus, the Seo Monster (o, 



Mira, remarkable va- 

 riable) . 

 Eridanus, the Pivcr. 

 Orion, the Giant Hunter 



(o, Betelgeu.T; /3, iJijtci). 

 Canis J/mor, the X(7sscr Do^ 



(n, Procgon). 

 Hydra, the Sea Serpent {a, 



Alphard). 

 Crater, the Cup (o, Jite.?). 

 Cort'«s, the Crow. 

 Scorpio, the Scorpion (a, 



.4m/nres). 

 Sagittarius, the Archer. 

 Capricoruus, the Sea Goa^ 

 Piscis Austral is, the Sou- 



//leni. Jis/t (a, Jomni- 



/muf). 

 Lepus, the Hare. 

 Columba, the Dove. 

 Cajiis Major, the Greater 



Dog (a, Sirius). 

 Argo, the S/iip. 



PHOTOGRAPHIC RECREATIONS. 



By W. Slingo. 



THE winter, with all its dull and unpleasant accompani- 

 ments, is now upon us ; and to one who is fond of 

 the' pictures and workings of nature, the prospect is, 

 perhaps, not over gratifying. Eecent improvement in the 

 art and practice of photograjihy offer, however, pleasures 

 and enjoyments of no mean order. A writer ia this 

 journal pointed out a few months since the many pleasant 

 ways in which, during the summer, a set of photographic 

 a]iparatus may be employed to while away what might 

 otherwise be tedious and heavy hours, and this, in addition 

 to the satisfaction of having recorded by one's own work, 

 the many beautiful sights and views that may have pre- 

 sented themselves. The object here in view is somewhat 

 diflerent, being rather to indicate some few of the multi- 

 tudinous ways in which photography may be employed 

 during the duller and heavier months of the year. The 

 winter season is just that time when one may 

 opportunely turn his attention to the educational 

 advantages offered by the young art. It is then that 

 pictorial representations of geological speciicens may 

 be obtained without sacrificing those hours which might be 

 more pleasantly occupied in the fields of nature. It is 

 then that copies may be taken of the many views which have 

 been photographed in the summer. It is then that microscopic 

 objects may be pictured on a larger scale. It is then that 

 those marvels of beauty, photographic transparencies, may 

 be secured. It is then, and manifestly then only, that the 

 beautiful snow may be photographed, as it falls to the 



ground, and provide a picture of surpassing glory. Such 

 are a few, and only a few, of the many attractions offered 

 by photography for usefully and profitably employing 

 leisure hours in winter, to say nothing of the satisfaction 

 which is to be derived from the exhibition of the pictures, 

 or, better still, of lantern enlargements for the edification of 

 the members of one's own circle, and, may be, for diffusing 

 the knowledge one has gained amongst our less learned 

 brethren. There is very little doubt that the art of photo- 

 graphy would for each and all of these objects have received 

 many more votaries than it has been favoured with were it 

 not that there exists in the mind of the great majority of 

 people a preconceived objection to it on the score of 

 dirtiness, uncertainty as to results, and the difficulty 

 of transportation. All these objections are, however, over- 

 come by the really gigantic strides which have been made in 

 the development of the art. There is also a somewhat 

 widespread feeling that photography is, to a considerable 

 extent, enveloped in mystery. This is true of all arts and 

 of all sciences until acquaintance with their minuti;i- 

 familiarises us with them. Now, to become familiar with 

 the mysteries of photography, and to acquire a sufficient 

 knowledge of the art to tuake its practice eminently easy 

 and sitisfactory, involve no serious difficulties, and it is- 

 worthy of mention that the managers of the London 

 Stereoscopic Company, to whom reference has been made 

 in these columns on more than one occasion, have perceived 

 the sphere that is open to any one who fittingly undertakes 

 to make matters clear to the tyro, and to help those who 

 have a mind to help themselves. The company have, there- 

 fore, taken the matter up in earnest, creating a department 

 for this special work, and making it one of their chief 

 features. Their plan is a simple one, viz., to make or 

 prepare such apparatus and appurtenances as the amateur- 

 (a term used in its widest sense) is likely to require, and 

 on selling an article to impart gratuitous private instruction 

 to such as require it. The fact that four lessons suffice, as 

 a rule, to convert an ignoramus into a j)roficient amateur, 

 thould make it apparent that the supposed mysteries and 

 difficulties are now reduced to an exceedingly low point, 

 and that they exist more in the mind of the uninitiatedi 

 than in reality. 



It is not, however, my purpose to give a resume of the 

 instruction given, but rather, as above indicated, to enter 

 into a few of the many applications to which the art lendf- 

 itself. 



To the naturalist and geologist, perhaps, more than to 

 any other student, photography is a great aid. The pre 

 servation of leaves and flowers is an excellent practice in. 

 its way, but the objects lose in the process their vitality, 

 and are often squeezed out of recognisable shape. There 

 can be no doubt that a good photographic image of a flower 

 taken in full bloom and full of life must possess many 

 features and many attractions of which the dead reality is 

 not susceptible. This, however, is more a class of work 

 for the summer season. The geologist may go on collecting 

 his specimens in the warm and more genial weather, de- 

 ferring until the cold season sets in the task of photo- 

 graphing them. The advantages of photography are too 

 self-evident to require further remark. But to the na- 

 turalist and the microscopist there are advantages which 

 are less apparent, but which are, nevertheless, equal, if noi 

 supeiior, in importance. 



Fig. 1 will help to explain this feature. Let it be 

 supposed that the microscope has revealed to us some new 

 beauty, which we should like to be able to study and 

 admire subsequently, without the necessity of having to 

 resort to a microscope. The desire may be satisfied by first 

 mounting the object on a microscope-slide, and then su]\ 



