7& 



• KNOWLEDGE 



[Jan. 23, 1865. 



(J^ur m\\)\ii Column. 



By FivK OF Cluhs. 



THE following game, sent us by Jlr. Proctor (Mr. and Mrs. 

 Proctor were .4 and B respectively), illustrates well the 

 a^egative use of the Whist signals. Note how Vs HON-echo enables 

 A to place first three and afterwards a fourth trump in his 

 jiartner's hands. 



The Hands. 



IT. 10. •^ 



S. X, Q, 8. J 



p(D. Q,8, C.,2. 

 i C. k, Q, S, 7, 4. 



• P. 10, 0. 



C. 10, 0, 3. 



H. Kn,8, C, 5, 3. 



S. 0, G, 2. 



Tr. D. Kn 



V z 



■Z, II. 





K, 7, 5. 

 K, ft, 5, 



*.»♦ *** *^ 



♦*♦ *A* ♦.♦ 

 ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦*♦ 



0^0 

 0^0 



! + 



La. 





O O^O O o 



/ A 



^ ^ 



o [o^o o o 



11 



H. .\, 2. ■) 



S. K, Kn, 4, 3. J 



TUE PLAY. 



Card underlined leads first. 



1. -4's lead of the Three and the 

 fall of the Two from F, show that A 

 has not more than three Si>adea 

 left; for if he had originally held 

 five he would have led the penul- 

 timate. Y is not signalh'ng and 

 therefore has not com-manding 

 strength in trumpu. 



2. / has signalled. Either I' 

 has no more Spades or he is not 

 echoing ; for he can hold no Spado 

 below the Six. 7? should have 

 shown his suit before playing out 

 the Spade Ace ; but he is one of 

 those who object to leading from a 

 suit headed by a major tenace. 



3. r has not echoed ; he there- 

 fore has not more than three 

 trum]is. 



4. .4 plays the thirteenth Spade 

 to force the adverse strong trump 

 liand. Y does his best to save his 

 Jiartner's trumps. Again he has 

 the chance of echoing, by playing 

 Ten l)efore Xine ; but his second 

 negative is not completed till 

 ti-ick 7. 



5. As Z does not lead trumps, A 

 can safely infer that he had 

 signalled from four trumps only 

 (two honours). Therefore as Y 

 does not hold three more trumps, 

 2> has two more at least. A also 

 sees that Y-'i hold all the remain- 

 ing Heart strength. 



6. A might have forced his 

 partner in Hearts here, or secured 

 a trick in Hearts if B should have 

 the Knave. But it is better to try 

 the Club suit, which is probably 

 i>"s, bef(.»re thus playing a defen.sive 

 game. If B has strength in Clubs 

 A-B may make a great game. 



7. Well played both by Band .4. 

 B seeing that Z has not led trumps 

 when he could, leads through him. 

 -4 does not take the trick, because 

 by leaving it he remains with the 

 major tenace and hopes to be led 

 up to. Observe that the kno\\'- 

 ledgo gained from T's not echoing, 

 enables A to count the trumps. 

 It had already showed him that B 

 had at least two more trumps after 

 trick 4, and B's lead of the Two, 

 combined with this knowledge, 

 shows that B has yet another 

 trump. For had he held only two 



he would not have led the lowest. Y therefore can have but one more 

 — probably the Ten. Z certainly does not hold the Ten (observe the 

 tiump card). A-B can lose nothing and arc very likely to gain by 

 passing the trick. 



8. Again well played by B. Had B trumped with the Six, Z 

 could have dropped Four to the lead of Eight, and as A could not 

 then have cleared out trumps, I'-Z wovild have saved the game by a 

 ruff. 1' ought to have foreseen the danger lying in wait for I'-Z 

 and saved the game by a Club lead. 



0. As it is, .4 makes his trump Seven, and knowing the Ace of 

 Clubs must be with B (or Y would have led it), draws Z's trump 

 Knave, and 



11. 12, 13. The rest of the game plnys itself. .4-B make five by 

 cards. 



Moke Light .4xd Purer Air. — From a social point of view, it is 

 almost impossible to over-estimate the nuisance that arises from 

 the failure of science to solve the problem of complete combustion. 

 Habit has accustomed the inhabitants of our large manufacturing 

 cities to an amount of dirt and inconvenience which materially 

 interferes with the common amenities of existence. The elements 

 which all mankind — and, in fact, the whole animal kingdom — 

 ought to enjoy as their birthright are denied to the wealthiest 

 inhabitant of a manufacturing town. The light is obscured and 

 the atmosphere polluted to an extent that accounts for many of 

 the worst features of our social life. Among the labouring classes 

 a winter spent in a large industrial centre is often a more trying 

 ordeal, in all its essential elements, than banishment to the wildest 

 and the most inhospitable regions of nature. Rising in darkness 

 th.at is frequently rendered more obscure by smoke and exhalations, 

 they return at night to breathe the same perpetual foulness. The 

 conditions which produce lassitude among the educated and 

 the wealthy, rendering change of air a necessity, cannot be 

 supposed to leave those who are more constantly subjected to their 

 inHuencc unaffected by their continual presence. It seems unreason- 

 able to expect that the preseriijtions of the physician for the better 

 classes, in the form of tonics, snould not find their counterpart 

 among the working classes in the shape of stimulants, with all 

 their concomitant evils of drunkenness and crime. One may 

 safely say that the moral effects of this failure of science to solve 

 the problem of complete combustion are to be estimated as a great 

 national calamity. The physical results are even more apparent. 

 The labour necessary to combat with the dirt arising from the 

 smoke of a great city must of itself be equal to any one of its 

 largest industries. Unfortunately, this labour falls to the share 

 of those who are already over-burdened. It too often overpowers 

 the exertions of the workman's wife, who at last gives up the 

 contest, and contents herself with the constant contact of squalor. 

 Let aTiy one estimate for himself the money value represented by 

 the labour necessary to clean the windows, and sweep the 

 chimneys, and beat the carpets, and wash the extra linen of such 

 a city as Manchester, and he will then discover the social im- 

 portance of complete combustion. — Great Indusfries of Great 

 Britain for January. 



Contents of No. 168. 



PAGE 



Needed S{ar Surveys. By E. A. 



Prnetor .' 41 



The Workshop at Home. (/Whs.).. 42 

 Geometrical Measurement, By 



R. A. Proctor 41 



The Chemistry of Cookery. LI. 



By W. Mattieu Williams 45 



Other Worlds than Ours 47 



Eltctro-plating. By W. Sliogo 48 



Weather Forecasts of ISSt 49 



PAGB 



Zodiacal Maps. By R. A. Proctor.. 51 



The Sun's Heat. By E. A. Proctor 61 



Modern Domestic Economy 53 



" Carrying " Tricyiles 51 



Edilorial Gossip 55 



Reviews 55 



FacK of the Sky. By F.E.A.S 66 



Correspondence 57 



Our Inventors' Column 59 



Our Chess Column (j) 



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