March 27, 1885.] 



KNOWLEDGE 



2G3 



■f^fft&ieril Maridpr^- 



RA.P? octerJJJ.. 



Harch 25 at 10 o'clock. 



KIGHT SKY FOK MARCH (Second Map of Pair), 



Showing the heavens as they appear at the following hours : — 



I March 29 at 9i o'clock. | April 1 at 9t o'clock. 



festations which might, therefore, be considered as 

 instinctive. 



Some writsr-', however, have tried to prove that gesture 

 is wholly imitative ; but such an hypothesis is most 

 unsatisfactory. 



In the lower animals gestures expressive of feeling in 

 common with other instincts are developed so early that 

 the possibility of their arising from imitation is almost 

 precluded, and the hypothesis receives its death-blow when 

 we find gestures of this class performed by tliose in whom 

 imitation had been rendered impossible by circumstances. 

 A very notable example of this is afforded by the case of 

 Laura Bridgeman, who was quite blind, as well as deaf and 

 dumb. She would laugh, clap her hands, and stamp for 

 joy ; blnshed ; wept for sorrow. When, by means of touch 



and the deaf-and-dumb finger-language, she was told any- 

 thing ludicrous, she assumed a roguish expression, biting 

 her li|s with an upward contraction of the facial muscles, 

 as is observed in ordinary persons trying to suppress a. 

 laugh. When exonerating herself from blame, she would 

 shru" her shoulders, turn in her elbows, and raise her eye- 

 brows — that characterii^tic group oF gestures most familiar 

 to us as made Vjy French and Italians. She was observe.-'' 

 to use many other expressions and gestures which could- 

 not possibly Lave been imitative, owing to her unfortunati* 

 condition. 



As already remarked, it is as expressing emotions that 

 voice for the first time comes into play. It is a usual coi - 

 comitant of facial and other expressive movements, and in 

 a measure supplements them in the language of signs, 1 y 



