DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 19 



It follows that the lineal descent, whether of dam or the bull with 

 which it was mated, is seen at a glance. Given the Register No. and 

 the Group letter with its attendant number, and the searcher for facts 

 has his path clear. In the second part of the Foundation Volume of 

 the Herd Book, a Register No. was set down before the name of every 

 cow, that of the bull following the name. Later the pedigree was so 

 printed as to show the descent to the third generation and the state- 

 ment of the number of generations recorded from the Foundation 

 Cow. The name and register number of sire and its sire are also seen 

 in each pedigree. By this plan present-day breeders group their 

 cattle in the Herd List. The groups now represented are: 



A. Elmham, B. Biddell, C. Cranmer, D. Cley, E. Eaton, F. Easton, H. Ham- 

 mond, I. Hudson, K. Kimberley, L. Mileham, M. Marham, N. Necton, O. Oakley, 

 and Thornham, P. Powell, Q. Stalham, R. Starston, S. Stoke, T. Thursford, U. West 

 Suffolk, V. East Suffolk, W. Wolton, X. Trimley, 1 Norf. Pond, 2 Norf. Mann, 5 

 Norf. Ransom, 7 Norf. Hill, 1 Suff. Baker, 2 Suff. Boon, 4 Suff. Lock, 5 Suff. Mum- 

 ford, 6 Suff. Sheppard, 7 Suff. Wilson, 9 Suff. Wolton. 



For the study of the heredity of the Red Polled, as evidenced by 

 its milk production and its beef production, I have prepared the ex- 

 tended pedigree of each of 29 cows bred in the United Kingdom, and 

 of 11 in the United States. These are for the most part in chrono- 

 logical order, so as to show where pedigrees coalesce. Further, I 

 have assumed as fact, .that for a very long time, the polled "home- 

 bred" of Norfolk was separate from the polled Suffolk, while all the 

 Red Polled since 1873 have had an infusion of the Reeve blood-red 

 breed. The proportion of each of these three elements in each of the 

 several cows and bulls named in the extended pedigrees has been 

 worked out. In a few cases the total is 1,000: in all the others 999.9 

 and a fraction. The stock whose breeding could not be even guessed 

 at, save that it was pure, have been counted as N. 1,000 for Norfolk; 

 S. 1,000 for Suffolk; RP. 800, for the Reeve hybridisation. The excep- 

 tions may be thus set down: Elmham, A. (Home Farm), from 1854, 

 N. 800, S. 200; Powell P., from 1845 to 1870, N. 200, R. P. 800; Eaton, 

 E., to the year 1850, N. 300, R. P. 700; after 1850, N. 300, S. 200, RP. 

 500; Hudson, I., N. 750, RP. 250; Oakley and Thornham, O., S. 800, 

 RP. 200; Starston, Rl, N. 300, S. 500, RP. 200; Glemham, V 814, N. 

 600, S. 400. Some cows to be seen in 1873-4 appeared to have a good- 

 ly proportion of R. P. blood, but in the absence of recorded facts they 

 have been set down as 1,000. 



Facts and figures are here presented to show heredity and milk 

 production. Then follow details of the breeding of the more note- 

 worthy bulls which have been mated with the cows, so as to suggest 

 to students of lieredity possible grounds for an increased return of 

 milk, or for an increase of the live weight and the dressed carcase of 

 the Red Polled dual purpose cattle; with the no less important consid- 

 eration of the cost of feeding for milk and beef respectively. 



MILK RECORDS 



There have been published 2,150 records of milk production since 

 May 1st, 1886. The rule of the Herd Book being "all or none," every 

 cow which came into full profit had to appear in the Herd Records 

 sent for publication year by year. In the United States, since Decem- 

 ber, 1908, there has been a system of "Advanced Registry," based 

 on the monthly return to the secretary for a term of 365 days, with 

 inspection by persons appointed by the Board of Directors. 



, The daily record of milk production of a whole herd was a very 

 rare thing in 1880, when Mr. R. Harvey Mason, who had then come 

 into possession of the Necton Hall Estate, began the practice. He 



