14 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



wich, then the nearest harbor; that old port is now covered by the sea. 

 The self-contained area, separated from the sea by the sea-rovers' 

 settlements, became a famous dairy district of some 250 square miles, 

 known as High Suffolk. The second group of Englen Migrants would 

 appear to have entered by the, then wide Yare estuary, and taken 

 possession of Mid-Norfolk, a woodland, fertile district watered by 

 the Wensum, which flows through Norwich. Later Englen immigrants 

 would seem to have taken possession of Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Dur- 

 ham, and Northumberland, with much of the land westward. 



As to the cattle, which according to Bede, the Englen brought 

 across the North Sea: Herodotus asserts that the Scythians had in 

 their lands cattle without horns, because of the cold, and Hippocrates 

 says the Scythian chariots w r ere drawn by oxen which had no horns. 

 The Scythians, it is said, held the lands from the northern seas to 

 Hungary. In 1869, Prince Leichtenstein visited Elmham, in Mid-Nor- 

 folk, to buy Polled cattle with which to Infuse fresh blood into the 

 cattle which had been from time immemorial on his Transylvania 

 estate. The English animals were, he said, like those cattle in polled 

 character and color. In the summer of 1888 I found cattle hornless, 

 and others similar to those which Low says were the Shetlanders, in 

 equal numbers in a Norwegian mountain farmyard, some three miles 

 north of Stalheim. They had that morning given an abundant flow 

 of rich milk, and the herd was just then to be driven to the saeter 

 for pasture. In 1880 polled cattle were seen by a visitor to Iceland, 

 which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Photographs of 

 polled cattle were sent home in 1884 by American consuls as repre- 

 senting live stock existing in named districts of northern and central 

 Russia. It may thus be fairly asserted that the Englen folks' cattle 

 were polled, and that those which were in the early years of the 19th 

 century respectively known as the "Suffolk polled," "Norfolk polled," 

 which last Lawrence says were "a most excellent breed, carrying vast 

 "Northern and Yorkshire polled," which last Lawrence says were "a 

 most excellent breed, carrying vast substance, and of great size," and 

 as to which R. W. Dickson, M. D., in his "Improved Live Stock and 

 Cattle Management" (1825), bears similar testimony, adding that 

 such polled stock were to be found as far south as Cambridge, were 

 descended from these new-comers of the '6th century. 



William Camden, in 1589, wrote, in Latin, and published his "Brit- 

 tania." It was Englished in 1610 by Dr. Philemon Holland. Therein 

 we may read: 



Suffolk has a fat and fertile soil, with pastures as battable for grazing and 

 feeding of cattle: and great store of cheeses are there made, which, to the great 

 commodity of the inhabitants, are vented into all parts of England, nay, into Ger- 

 mania, France, and Spain also, as Pantaleon, the Phisitian, writeth, who stuck not 

 to compare these of ours for taste both, with those of Placentia. 



John Speed, in the "Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain" 

 (1611), says: 



The commodities of this shire are many and great, whereof the chiefest con- 

 sist of corn, cattle, pasturage . . and as Abbo Floricensis hath depainted . . 

 above 600 years since, and now we find as he hath said, to which we may add their 

 gain from the pail. 



Daniel Defoe, in his "Tour through the Eastern Counties of Eng- 

 land" (1722), says: 



At Woodbridge begins that part which is ordinarily called High Suffolk, which 

 being a rich soil, is for a long tract of ground wholly employed in dairies, and then 

 again famous for the best butter and perhaps the worst cheese in England. The 

 butter is barrelled, or often pickled in small casks, and sold, not in London only, but 

 I have known a firkin of Suffolk butter sent to the West Indies and brought back 

 to England again, and has been perfectly good and sweet, as at. first. . . . This 



