Relations between the Physical and the Moral. 227 



the instant of the attack. Schroeder van der Kolk knew a woman 

 who went on eating, drinking, or working, and who, on coming to 

 her senses, had no recollection of what she had done. Trous- 

 seau 1 speaks of a young musician subject to epileptic vertigo, 

 attacks of which lasted from ten to fifteen minutes, and who, 

 during that interval, would continue playing the violin uncon- 

 sciously. An architect who had long been subject to epilepsy was 

 not afraid to mount the highest scaffoldings, though he had often 

 had attacks when walking on narrow planks at great heights. 

 No accident ever befell him ; when the attack came on he ran 

 swiftly along the scaffolds, shouting his own name at the top of 

 his voice. A few seconds later he would come to himself, and 

 would then give his orders to the workmen. He would have 

 had no idea of the strange way in which he had acted, had he 

 not been told of it. 



If now we pass from the morbid to the normal state, and review 

 all the forms of mental activity, distinguishing each after the man- 

 ner of analytical psychology, we shall see that for every conscious 

 form there is a corresponding unconscious one. 



The first forms of unconscious life must be sought for in the 

 foetal life a subject full of obscurity, and very little studied from 

 the psychological point of view. We may hold, with Bichat and 

 Cabanis, that though the external senses are in the foetus in a state 

 of torpor, and though in the constant temperature of the amniotic 

 fluid the general sensibility of the foetus is almost null, still its 

 brain has already exercised perception and will, as seems to be 

 evidenced by the movements of the foetus during the last months 

 of pregnancy. 



But to take simply the adult man or animal. We shall first find, 

 at the common frontiers of physiology and psychology, a notable 

 group, that of the instincts, which of themselves alone constitute 

 the psychological life of a great number of animals. If we con- 

 sider these as composite reflex actions, the instincts form, as we 

 have seen, the transition from simple reflex action to memory. 



With instinct we may couple habit, which resembles it in many 

 respects, and is no less wonderful. Habit constitutes a true return 



1 Trousseau, Lemons Cliniques, i. 59, in vol. ii. are cases no less curious. 



