34 



physiognomy, states of the viscera, and vice versa" The 

 physiological phenomena, therefore, may be regarded as 

 concerning unconsciousness ; but between the two there is 

 an intimate interaction, interdependence, and correlation- 

 ship, whether of " invariable co-existence," or of "invariable 

 succession." The psychological phenomena associated with 

 automatism are a further proof of the argument : thus, with 

 regard to the spinal cord, which is the nerve-centre presiding 

 over reflex action, the reflex phenomena are not only auto- 

 matic, but unconscious and co-ordinated : so also the 

 medulla oblongata, a still higher centre, which governs such 

 phenomena as respiration, deglutition, coughing, sneezing, 

 yawning, and the like, and for the most part uncon- 

 sciously. Proceeding still higher, the cerebellum, whose 

 office it is to preside over the co-ordination of the muscular 

 contractions which produce the various movements of the 

 body, acts quite unconsciously : and lastly, the brain proper 

 itself, which also is capable of acting unconsciously, as is 

 well attested by the interesting phenomena of somnambu- 

 lism, ecstasy, catalepsy, etc., which have been grouped 

 together under the term "unconscious cerebration." Analy- 

 sing still further, we find that instinct, memory, habits, the 

 emotions, all have their origin in the " dim region of the 

 unconscious," and, further still, that "every mode of intel- 

 ligence has its unconscious form," even to the grandest 

 efforts of the imagination. " As for the will," says Ribot, 

 " it derives ultimately from character, and the root of 

 character is in the unconscious." 



I must here content myself with the simple enumeration 

 of these facts, as arguments, not to say proofs, would take 

 a volume for their consideration. What I am anxious to 

 convey is that physiological and psychological phenomena, 



