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fact, constitute the psychological life of man as contrasted 

 with his purely organic or physiological functions. If we 

 are to accept Mr. Herbert Spencer's dictum that " No 

 thought, no feeling, is ever manifested save as the result of 

 a physical force," it naturally follows that without a nervous 

 system no psychological act or function could be performed. 

 At all events, it will be well to remember that the brain is 

 the organ of the mind, and thought its function ; that the 

 physiological phenomena of heredity are conditioned by 

 unconsciousness, and the psychological by consciousness, 

 and that without physical organisation there is no con- 

 sciousness : so that whilst we admit, as Smee says, that 

 " the human mind cannot understand how a material 

 organisation may produce, or be associated with, conscious- 

 ness, so we are compelled to declare that consciousness is 

 not manifested without a material mechanism." 



Passing towards the conscious from the unconscious, I 

 proceed to notice the heredity of instincts, which I assume 

 to be indentical with intelligence, save in degree. Instinct 

 has been defined by Hartmann as "an act conformed to 

 an end, but without consciousness of that end." Ribot 

 says : " Instinct is intended to signify the automatic, almost 

 mechanical, and probably unconscious action of animals, 

 in pursuance of an object determined by their organisation 

 and specific characters." And lastly, Darwin says : " An 

 action which we ourselves should require experience to 

 enable us to perform, when performed by an animal, more 

 especially by a very young one, without any experience, 

 and when performed by many individuals in the same way 

 without their knowing for what purpose it is performed, is 

 usually said to be instinctive." However unsatisfactory 

 these definitions may be as such, they each manifest the 



