and may consist of blood or of serum. Sanguinary 

 effusions have been found on the brain, in the lungs, and 

 also in the pleural cavity, whilst serous effusion has been 

 observed "between the membranes of the brain, into the 

 ventricles, into the spinal canal, into the peritoneal cavity, 

 into the cellular tissue beneath the skin, into the pelvis of 

 the kidney, and into the pericardium." 1 Communicable 

 diseases, also, such as syphilis (in its gravest forms), small- 

 pox, measles, and scarlatina, have frequently been observed 

 during the uterine existence of children ; whilst, curiously 

 enough, in many instances, the unborn children have 

 suffered severely, although the mothers have been unaffected. 

 In like manner, new growths, both simple and malignant, 

 have become developed in unborn children when the 

 parents have shown no trace of them. Moreover, the 

 organs of children have been found, during uterine life, 

 deeply involved by tubercular deposit; hydatid cysts 

 have been found in the kidney, ascarides in the rectum, 

 and stone in the bladder. The foetal heart has been 

 discovered with its valves diseased ; arterial dilatation has 

 been observed, whilst limbs have been detected fractured, 

 and joints dislocated or anchylosed. Besides these active 

 forms of disease, the unborn are also subject to the whole 

 series of malformations, embracing the absence or over- 

 development of fingers or toes, webbed fingers, club-foot, 

 strabismus, abnormal growths of hair, skin marks, etc. ; 

 also to arrests of development in the eye, hand, leg, heart, 

 ear, or brain, and in those parts where a junction of medial 

 structures is required, and is not perfected, as in cleft- 

 palate, hare-lip, and spina bifida. Cyanosis, a malfor- 

 mation, owing to the opening that exists in the unborn 

 J Dr. B. W. Richardson. 



