THE M011PH0L0GISTS. 155 



publish his opinions. In his general introduction 

 to Comparative Anatomy founded on Osteology, 

 he proposed " to establish an anatomical type, 

 a sort of universal image, representing, as far as 

 possible, the bones of all animals, to serve as a circle 

 for describing them according to an order previously 

 established;" and he carried out his views by a 

 laborious comparison of each piece in the series of 

 adult animals. Somewhat similar ideas originated 

 independently in the mind of Oken, who published his 

 views in his celebrated "Programm" in 1807. Boja- 

 nus, Spix, and Cams, then followed in the same direc- 

 tion; and this branch of general osteology has been 

 successfully pursued by Meckel, Cuvier, Geoffroy St. 

 Hilaire, Owen, and Huxley. The morphological aspect 

 which Goodsir viewed as the complement of the 

 chemico-physical in the pursuit of anatomical science, 

 has been indirectly advanced by Pander, Von Baer, 

 Rathke, Johannes Muller, Wagner, Reichert, and Bis- 

 chofF, who, by the investigation of the development of 

 the embryo in man and animals, have evolved a series of 

 morphological laws, which constitute the basis of the 

 morphological department or aspect of organic science. 

 The anatomical methods adopted by G. St. Hilaire in 

 France appeared to Goodsir as fantastic and fruitless 

 as those of Oken; but, in the feud between St. 

 Eilaire and Chivier respecting their methods of 

 anatomical research, the co-ordinate importance of the 

 doctrine of final causes and the doctrine of type was 

 established. By the combinations of the teleological 



