SENSE. AND SPEECH IN MAN. 251 



upper pharyngeal chamber is very capacious in man, and 

 communicates with the nose ; and the frontal sinuses increase 

 the extent of this chamber. 



d. Languages vary in the number of articulate sounds 

 involved in their construction. They also vary in their 

 relative preference for certain forms of articulate sounds. 



e. Articulate sounds are merely the elements, by the com- 

 bination of which, the composite sounds, or words, which 

 actually constitute a language are formed. 



/. All words are originally appellative — i.e., expressive of 

 general or abstract ideas or conceptions. Words employed as 

 special or proper terms, as also words expressive of relation, 

 are of secondary formation, being derived by modification 

 from the primordial forms or roots, and applied, in the con- 

 struction of any given language, in a manner determined by 

 the economy of the linguistic group, to which the language 

 belongs. 



g. In the course of that remarkable development which 

 language has hitherto exhibited, and which it is undoubtedly 

 destined to undergo in the future, and in which older lan- 

 guages apparently disappear and new languages apparently 

 arise, but in reality only as modified forms of their pre- 

 decessors ; the primordial words or roots themselves become 

 so much modified, that in the more advanced forms of lan- 

 guage their presence can only be detected by linguistic 

 methods of research. 



h. The number of possible linguistic roots must be de- 

 termined by the adaptability of the mechanism of speech for 

 their production. The actual number in use in different 

 languages is probably determined — 



1st. By the relative difficulty in executing certain forms of 

 them ; 



2d. P>y that difficulty in executing certain of them induced 

 by ethnological differences in the mechanism <>r articulation ; 

 and 



