PROGRESSIVE MAN. 283 



strument. Thus, I hold with those anthropologists who do not 

 place man in the animal kingdom, so that he is not to be re- 

 garded as an ordinary subject for zoological inquiry. The 

 relation of man to the animal which is next to or immediately 

 below him cannot be determined. Man is a perfect being in 

 his structure, and is excluded from all animal forms by his 

 completeness. We cannot conceive an animal preserving the 

 vertebrate type developed beyond him. If man were, as some 

 suppose, at the head of the animal kingdom, some ape should 

 be found to stand immediately beneath him ; but the apes are 

 all related to each other, and grouped around a type which is 

 that of an ape. 



6. As I have already, in my last lecture, directed your atten- 

 tion to the two aspects presented by humanity in its present 

 phase, and characterised these aspects as Eetrogressive and 

 Progressive, it is in my opinion very important that you 

 should satisfy yourselves as to the stability of the principle 

 that these two aspects are essentially dependent on moral 

 causes. The entire question, as I have already told you, is, 

 like other fundamental questions in anthropology, a compo- 

 site question — its most important factors being theological 

 and moral, and such as I, in my position here, have merely 

 to allude to. But it may be well, at this point of our inquiry, 

 to illustrate the influence of moral error from a physiological 

 point of view. 



7. Let us take the case of the animal. If the various 

 instinctive acts, by the performance of which the animal pro- 

 vides for its individual wants, and fulfds its various functions 

 in relation to its own kind, and to its end as a species, be 

 considered, they arrange themselves into three groups, viz. — 



1st, Its actions in relation to itself ; 2d, its actions in 

 relation to its fellows of its own species ; and Z<1, its actions 

 in relation to its performance of those; purposes for which it 

 was created, and placed in its given area 



