ON LIFE AND ORGANISATION 313 



noises indicative of the Appetites, Affections, and Passions of the 

 lower animals constitute, indeed, an elementary form of Language ; 

 but it is entirely destitute of the discursive element which, 

 distinctive of thought, exhibits itself in the relative terms of 

 logical speech. The so-called Language of the brute is merely 

 a succession of signs, each sign significant of a particular appetite 

 or emotion, and primarily induced therefore by an objective 

 excitement. 



The human self-consciousness is possessed of two sets of 

 faculties — those subservient to knowledge, and those subservient to 

 impulse. These two sets of faculties are grouped around the free 

 will, which comes into play in the exercise of the first group, and 

 in the regulation as well as exercise of the second. The in- 

 tellectual faculties of the self- consciousness are powers awakened in 

 harmony with certain impressions, on which they react ; the 

 resulting processes being carried forward by the determination of 

 the will, under certain conditions. The impulsive faculties of the 

 self-consciousness are feelings induced by certain impressions, and 

 involving, according to their kinds, attraction to or repulsion from 

 certain objects ; the attraction or repulsion, in relation to the will, 

 being conditioned by the conscience. 



In virtue of his self-consciousness, therefore, man is enabled 

 to discover the laws of Nature and of his own constitution ; and 

 he is, by the same means, enabled to judge of these laws as being 

 true. 



In virtue of conscience, that peculiar condition of his self- 

 consciousness, in relation to his impulsive faculties, he is also 

 enabled to determine when he ought to repress his appetites, 

 passions, and emotions. He has a Free will, but he has also a sure 

 guide for the regulation of it. 



We have had reason to conclude that the brute is not possessed 

 of self-consciousness, that it is only conscious. We are obliged to 

 admit that, unconscious of its psychical processes, it cannot regulate 

 tin in, nor can it be possessed of a conscience to control its appetites 

 and emotions. 



Man ought to act under the influence of his spirit (irvtvf&a). 

 The brute invariably acts under the influence of sense (•^ujp) or 0&g£). 



The emotion ■ impulses of the brute are thus regulated by 



