314 ON LIFE AND ORGANISATION. 



instinct only. The animal must obey them, and it does so. Its 

 emotions, therefore, are deficient in the subjective element. Like 

 its so-called intellectual operations, they are related only to their 

 peculiar objects. 



Having thus endeavoured to secure a philosophical basis for 

 the psychology of the brute, or comparative psychology, as a depart- 

 ment of general zoology, a brief analysis may next be attempted 

 of the appetites and so-called emotions and passions of the 

 animal. 



In the appetites, emotions, and passions, the conscious, as 

 well as the self-conscious being, would appear to anticipate, with 

 manifestations of satisfaction or disgust, pleasure or pain, in their 

 consummation. 



The appetites, emotions, and passions of the lower animal 

 may be grouped, with reference to their manifestations, into 

 appetites which are allied to sensations, passions which are related 

 to perceptions, and social impulses which exhibit a resemblance to 

 understanding. 



The appetites are principally related to the immediate well- 

 being of the organism. The primary appetites are connected 

 Avith certain sensations to the fulfilling of the objects of which 

 they are impulsive : — they are the appetites for food, drink, air, 

 warmth. These primary appetites, along with certain instinctive 

 impulses, such as the desire of exercise, as exhibited in the 

 movements of animals in a state of freedom or confinement, and 

 in the use of the means provided for self-defence, constitute a 

 group of psychical conditions conducive to the preservation of the 

 individual. 



A second group of psychical powers are related to the preserva- 

 tion of the species. This group consists of the sexual instinct, and 

 the various interesting forms of the paedagogic instinct, such as 

 nidification, incubation, suckling, and the so-called education of the 

 lower animal by its parents. 



A third group of psychical conditions, analogous to the passions 

 of the self-conscious being, consist of the so-called anger and 

 jealousy, revenge, gratitude, grief, emulation, desire of approbation, 

 love, and friendship, of the lower animal. 



A fourth group includes the social impulses, subdivided into 



