ON LIFE AND ORGANISATION. 315 



the family instincts and the communal instincts. The former 

 includes the psychical manifestations exhibited during pairing, 

 the preparation of the common dwelling, the preparing of food, 

 defence of the family, the arrangements for propagation and rearing 

 of young. 



The latter consist of the Psychical manifestations exhibited 

 during the temporary or imperfect associations of animals for amuse- 

 ment, for pairing and breeding, for migration, for hunting ; and of 

 the remarkable psychical manifestations exhibited by those animals 

 which form perfect communities or polities. 



In this part of the subject an important consideration is intro- 

 duced touching the relation between what was denominated a 

 psychical community, such as exists in the hive or ant-hill ; and an 

 organic community, such as presents itself in a composite organism, 

 as, for instance, a Zoophyte or Phytophone. 



It is very important that it should not be supposed there is a 

 process in the recognition of the externality of an object by the 

 human intelligence, or that this recognition results from a previously- 

 existing recognition of self. The two presumed recognitions are 

 two aspects of the same fact. In the same moment that the human 

 self-conscious intelligence apprehends the influence transmitted from 

 an external object — or, in technical language, in the moment of 

 sensation — it apprehends itself also. 



On the other hand, the recognition of the externality of the 

 external object by the animal is effected in the moment that the 

 impression produced by that object is apprehended by its intelli- 

 gence — in the moment of sensation — in virtue of its animal or 

 instinctive constitution, which is unconscious of self, but cognisant 

 of the opposite pole — the externality of the object. 



The instinctive element already alluded to as conferring on the 

 animal the faculty of recognising immediately the externality of 

 external objects, confers on it also many other remarkable faculties. 

 To these I shall afterwards direct your attention, but at present it is 

 necessary that I should point out what appear to be the distinctive 

 characters of this peculiar element which reigns supreme in the 

 brute. 



Our space will not admit of an extended analysis ; but we may 

 Bum up the result in the following definition of Instinct. 



