ON LIFE AND OKGANISATION. 3l7 



and to an extent which the possession of the highest instinct could 

 not have enabled him to reach. 



The plan or code of rules by which the psychical economy of 

 the animal is regulated is laid down and determined by a power 

 beyond its control or consciousness. 



The complex but harmonious and ever-developing system of 

 rules and laws, which is the result of the evolution of the regulating 

 principle in man, in relation to external objects, would appear to 

 be, at any one moment, the exact counterpart of as much of every- 

 thing external to itself as it has been awakened to in correlation 

 with the recognitions of sense. Hence, however, it is to be noted, 

 that the animal must obey, and does act up to, the laws and rules 

 of its regulating instinct. 



But the regulating power in man is free. He has had a free 

 will bestowed upon him. He may follow the dictates of his self- 

 conscious regulating principle, or he may act contrary to them. 



Into the consideration of this peculiarity of the Human Consti- 

 tution I do not enter, as not bearing on our present subject. I 

 must, however, direct your attention to the characteristics and 

 development of those powers of the Human Intelligence which 

 require to be borne in mind, while we are engaged in the study of 

 the Psychical manifestations of the lower animals. 



In the first place, it is to be observed that self- consciousness 

 involves the faculty of judgment. " It cannot be realised without 

 an energy of judgment." Serf-consciousness is in fact an exercise 

 of Thought. It involves a comparison and a judgment regarding 

 two things, neither of which we can think down or out of 

 existence — namely, the self which thinks, and the self which is 

 thought of. 



Again, in the act of Perception, we are not only conscious of 

 self hut of a not-self. We cannot disbelieve the one or the other. 

 They are relative to one another, " each known only in antithesis 

 to the other." Here again judgment is passed between the two 

 terms. It is an act of Thought. 



Then, again, we cannot think anything except under the con- 

 dition of Time. Self-consciousness involves the judgment of S( If 

 and of not-self, as being or existing in Time. With our utmost 

 efforts we cannol think ourselves or aught- el e oul of Time. 



