'^.lOO. THE HELMINTHES. 103 



ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 



The following are among the' more important contributions to the Anat- 

 omy of the Helminthes which have been fjublished since the is^ue of the 

 original work. I should mention, however, that I have not had very much 

 access to recent German contributions in this department, from the tardi- 

 ness with which such matters reach this country. However, I am happy 

 in not being ignorant of the late publications of Siebold. who is truly .at 

 the head of Helminthology. 



Blavchard. llecherches sur I'organisation des Vers., in the Ann. d. Sc. 

 Nat. VII. 1847, p. 87, VIII. 1847, p. 119, 271, X. 1848, p. 321, XL 



1849, p. 106, XII. 1849, p. 1. 



Van Benedeyi. Recherches sur I'organisation ct le developpement des 

 Linguatules (Pentastoma, Rud.), &c. in the Mem. de I'Acad. de Bruxelles, 

 1848 ; also, in Ann. d. Sc. Nat. 1849, XI. p. 313. 



Note sur le developpement des Tetrarhyuques, in the Bull, de I'Acad. de 

 Belgique, XVI. 1849. 



Recherches sur les Vers Cestodes, in the Mem. de I'Acad. de Belgique, 



1850, XXV. 



Siebold. Ueber den Generationswechsel der Cestoden nebst einer Bevi- 

 fiion der Gattung Tetrarhynchus, in Siebold and Kclliker's Zeitsch. II. 

 1850, p. 198. 



Ueber die Verwandlung des Cysticercus pisiformis in Taenia serrata 

 Ibid. IV. p. 400. 



Ueber die Verwandlung der Echinococcus-Brut in Taenien. Ibid. 

 IV. 1853, p. 409. 



See, also, various valuable though small contributions, in the form of 

 letters to Siebold, in Siebold and Kolliker's Zeitsch. IV. p. 52, 116, 451, 

 454 ; as well as the references in my notes. — Ed. 



CHAPTER I. 



CUTANEOUS SYSTEM. 



§ 100. 



The body of the Helminthes is generally surrounded by a firm skin, 

 which may be separated into a thin epidermis, and a pretty hard dermis. 

 The epidermis of the adults is never ciliated ; but not unfrequently it has 

 horny spines pointing backwards, which sometimes are limited to the ante- 

 rior part of the body, and sometimes spread over a large surface, in trans- 

 versely serrated rows.'^' In the first case, the spines serve to attach them 



I In many Nematodes, Acanthocephali, and Tre- sum, scabrum, ferox, and perlatum (Ibid. Tab. 



matodes, tlie epidermis is spinous lilie a rasp. X. and Nordmimn, Wicograph. Beitrafre. lift. I. 



These spines are simple in Liorhynchus dentic- Tat. IX.), and Pentasto/num denticulatum (Die- 



ulatus, Lecanocephalus spinulosits (according sins:, lot. cit. I. Abth. 1, Taf. III. fig. 10-13). 



to Diesing-, Annalen des 'VViencr Museums, II. But they are polydenticulated in Cheiracanthus 



Abth. 2, 1839, Taf. XIV. fig. 14-20), Eckinorhyn- {Diesivg, loc. cit. II. Hft. 2, Taf. XIV. XVL 



chus pijriformis, and hystrix {liremser. Icon. XVII.). 

 Helmint. Tab. VII.), Distomum lima, maculo- 



