214 



THE ACEPHALA. 



^196. 



remains to notice a very remarkable organ found in all the Lamellibranchia, 

 and known as the Gland of Bojanus. 



This organ, undoubtedly of a renal nature, is always double, and consists 

 of a large long sac with glandular walls, and of a dirty-yellow or dark- 

 green color. It is situated each side of the back between the pericardium 

 and the inferior adductor muscle, and extends usually upon the sides of 

 the abdomen to the base of the branchiae. 



Quite often these glands are united upon the median line of the back — 

 tiieir cavities being separated only by a thin septum. They communicate 

 with the cavity of the mantle by two small openings which have swollen 

 borders and are situated sometimes at the upper, and sometimes at the lower 

 end of the sac.^-* 



The usually very thin walls of these two sacs have numerous folds or 

 plicae, which form compartments or areolae, all of which are covered with 

 a very delicate ciliated epithelium. The parenchyma of these walls is 

 composed of a very loose tissue, which, upon the least disturbance, sepa- 

 rates into small granular cells.'"' Most of these cells contain a blue-black 

 round nucleus, to which is due the more or less deep color of these 



organs 



, (4) 



SWith t/n/o, and Anodonta, these orifices are 

 at the suj)erior extremity of tlie renal sacs close 

 beside the two genital openings; see Bojanus, Isis, 

 ISl'J, p. 46, Taf. I. tin. 1 ; Baer, in MuUer^s Arch. 

 ISaO, p. am, Taf. VII. fig. 1, 2 ; Pfeiffer, Natur- 

 gesch. deutsch. Land-und Susswasser-MoUusken, 

 Abth. II. Taf. II. fig. 19, b. ; and Neuwyler, in 

 the Neue Denkschr. VI. p. 22, Taf. I. IX. They 

 lie in the angle formed by the abdomen and the in- 

 ternal branchiae, and concealed beneath the inter- 

 nal leaf of these last. They had already been ob- 

 served by Poli (loc. cit. I. p. 6, Tab. I.X. fig. 15, 

 i. i.), who, however, did not recognize their true 

 nature. 



With Pecten, and Spondylus, these renal sacs, 

 which are situated in front of the adductor muscle, 

 have their two orifices at the lower extremity ; see 

 Garner, Trans, of the Zool. Soc. loc. cit. PI. XIX. 

 fig. 2,j. (Pecten). 



With many, the genital organs open into the 

 urinary ones. This is so according to Garner (loc. 

 cit. p. 92), with TelUna, Cardium, Mactra, P/io- 

 taa, and Mya. I have very distinctly seen with 

 Pinna nol/ilis, the two orifices common to the kid- 

 neys and genital organs. Their borders were 

 swollen, and they were situated upon the anterior 

 surface of the dorsal wall a little in front of the 

 posterior adductor muscle. They opened into a 

 very large sac with thin walls which had no gland- 

 ular structure except at their lower extremity 

 near the principal adductor muscle ; see Poli, loc. 

 cit. Tiib. XXXVII. fig. 2, D. 



The genital orifices ojien into the two sacs di- 

 rectly l>ack of these external orifices. Witli Mijti- 

 lus edulis, the kidneys have a yet more singular 

 arrangement ; their two sacs situated at the base 

 of the branchiae are open their whole lengtli, so 



that by spreading apart the branchiae, the com- 

 partments and cells of these glands can be distinct- 

 ly seen ; see Treviranus. Beobacht. aus d. Zool. u. 

 Phys. p. 51, fig. 68, b.* 



3 It is only recently that the intimate structure 

 of these organs was known, yeuwyler was quite 

 mistaken in regarding them as two testicles (loc. 

 cit. p. 25). He speaks of tubes in which he afiirms 

 that he has seen spermatic particles, but he gives 

 neither a detailed description nor a figure of one 

 or the other. I have never been able to find 

 anything of this kind in the Lamellibranchia. If 

 the walls of these organs are prepared in any way 

 for microscopic examination, a part of their paren- 

 chyma separates into a vesiculo-granular mass, 

 the particles of which have a very lively dancing 

 motion. The motions are due to portions of ciliated 

 epitlielium adhering to the cells and granules. It 

 is in this way, probaWy, that Neuwyler has been 

 deceived, taking these moving bodies for spermatic 

 particles. 



i These i-ound nuclei, usually of a deep brown or 

 blue color, can easily be seen in the kidneys of 

 Unio, Anodonta, and Cyclas ; but with theyounj 

 individuals their nmnber and size are quite limited, 

 making the ki^hieys very pale. They resemble, 

 moreover, perfectly the bodies contained in the 

 renal substance of tlie Gasteropoda (.see below). 

 Tliis analogy is particularly striking with Asper- 

 gillum va^iniferum, whose renal sacs are tri- 

 angular and situitted between the l»eart and the 

 extremity of the rectum, thus resemljling in all re- 

 spects the kidneys of the Gasteropoda, although 

 Leuckart has taken them for the liver (Neue. wir- 

 lieltose Tliiere d. roth. Jleeres, loc. cit. p. 46, Taf. 

 XII. fig. 6, g.). 



alone. This would seem ineflicient did we not re- 

 member then- unceasing action ; and this view is 

 the only one which will explain the exact conform- 

 ation of the excavation to the shape of tlie body in 

 all its parts. It is the view of Aga-'isiz, and others, 

 who have specially examined the subject. I have 

 here thus noticed the matter in a suggestive point of 

 view for microscopical anatomists. — Kd. 



* [§ 196, note 2.] According to Frey and 

 Leuckart, the bodies of Bojanus are absent in 

 Teredo navalis, but these observers think the kiil- 

 neys are present in another part of the body •, see 

 loc. cit. p. 46. — Ed. 



