§ 250. 



THE CEPHALOPODA. 



287 



anastomosing glandulai- tubes, forming, sometimes, several lobes, and 

 sometimes, a single triangular mass with a smooth exterior. 



In their passage in front, the two excretoi'j ducts converge and form, 

 under the oesophagus, a common canal which traverses the pharynx and 

 terminates in the mouth near the root of the tongue.'-^ 



The Liver is generally of a reddish-yellow color, and is rarely lobulated. 

 Usually, it is a compact glandular mass capsulated by a fold of the peri- 

 toneum.^'^' With the Octopoda, it is a large, smooth, ovoid gland, '^' while 

 with the other Cephalopoda, with a few exceptions,^"'* it is divided into two 

 or four portions symmetrically surrounding the oesophagus.^"' The bile, 

 when this organ is single or double, is excreted by two ducts arising from 

 the inferior extremity of the organ ; but when this organ is quadruple, as 

 with Nautilus, and LoUgopsis, each division has a special excretory duct, 

 and all these ducts soon unite into a common Ductus choledochus, which, 

 after a short course, opens upon the sides of the coecum.^'"' 



As a Pancreatic gland may, certainly, with reason, be regarded the 

 pale-yellow, short, ramified glandular tubes, which, with many species, are 

 appended to the hepatic ducts with which they communicate by many 

 orifices. <**' 



2 For the intimate structure of these glands which 

 appear to be wanting witli Nautilus, anil Loli- 

 i^opsis, see J. Midler, De Gland, struct, p. 51, 

 Tab. v. fig. 9. They are lol^ulated with Loli^o, 

 and consist only of a small compact body with 

 Octopus, Eledone, Sepia,kc ; see Cuvier, Mem. 

 PI. III. fig. -2, 3 ; IVa^ner, Icon. zoot. Tab. XXl-K. 

 Og. 14, k.; Brandt, loc. cit. Taf. XXXII. fig. 3, a ; 

 Ferussac, loc cit. Octopus, PI. XII. XIII. Their 

 .surface is granulated with Sepiola, according to 

 De.Ue, Chiaje, Descriz. Tav. XXVI. fig. 11, L., 

 and Grant, Trans. &o. PI. XI. fig. 8, g. 



■j For the intimate structure of the liver, see 

 Mii'ler, De Gland, struct, p. 71 (Octopus), and 

 liathke, loc. cit. p. Vil {Lolis;opsis). 



1 See Cuvier, IVaorner, and Ferussac, loc. cit. 



5 With Onychotcuthis Banksii, the liver is a 

 single, very oblong mass : see Owen, in the Cy- 

 clop. I. p. 537. 



U With Nautilus, the liver is divided into four 

 large portions, each composed of numerous lobes 

 embracing on each side the crop-like uesophagus ; 

 see Owen, On the Nautilus, p. 26, PI. IV. z., or 

 Isis, p. 22, Taf. III., or Ann. d. Sc. Nat. p. 117, 

 I'l. II. fig. 1. z. With LoUgopsis guttata, the 

 four hepatic divisions are, according to Grant 

 (Trans. &c. p. 25, PI. II. fig. 4, e. anil 7, a.), deeply 

 concealed in the cavity of the body ; whUe with 

 Loligo Eschscholtlzii, and dubia, it is a single 

 mass, according to Ratlike (Jlem. de St. Petersb. 

 loc. cit. p. 137, 170. PI. II.). With Sepfa, Loligo, 

 Sepiola, &c., this organ is divided into long halves, 

 smooth e.\ternally, and extending from the neck 

 along the dorsal median line, their length depend- 

 ing on that of the animal ; see Brandt, loc. cit. Taf. 

 XXXII. fig. 3, p. (Sepia), and Grant, loc. cit. PI. 

 XI. fig. 7, 8. f. (Sepiola). 



7 See Cuvier, M^m. p. 30, PI. IV. fig. 2, l, n. 

 u.; Ferussac, loc. cit. Octopus, PI. XIV. fig. 5, 6, 

 Argonauta, PI. p. fig. 2, d.; Owen, On the Nau- 

 tilus, PI. VIII. fig. 8, h., or Isis, Taf. II., or Ami. 

 d. Sc. Nat. PI. IV. fig. 8 h.; and Grant, Trans, 

 of the Zool. Soc. I. PI. II. fig. 7, b. PI. XI. fig. 7, 

 g. (LoUgopsis and Sepiola). 



8 This sti'ucture and arrangement of the glandu- 

 lar appendages of the hepatic ducts which were 

 noticed and regarded as a pancreas by Hunter 

 (The Catal. of the Physiol Ser. I. p. 239, No. 775) 

 with Sepia, renund one very much of wh.-it is found 

 in fishes, where, according to Stannius'' inves- 

 tigations, the pyloric appendages communicate 

 with the Ductus choledochus (see Brockmann 

 (Stannius) De Pancreate piscium. Diss. Rostoch. 

 1S4G).* According to Delle Chiaje (Descriz. I. 

 p. 32, Tav. XIII. XVIII.), these bodies exist not 

 only with Octopus, Eledone, Trenioctopus, and 

 Argonauta, but also witli Sepia, Loligo, and Se- 

 piola. Grant (The Edinl). Pliilos. .lour. XIII. 

 1825, p. 197) has descriljed them with Loligo sa- 

 gitta, and Owen sought in vain for them with 

 Nautilus, but found them highly developed with 

 Sepiola, Onychotcuthis, Sepioteuthis, and Ros- 

 sia (Cyclop. I. p. 537). See also Grant, I. Trans. 

 of the Zool. Sjc. I. PI. II. fig. 7, c, Pi. XI. tig. 7, 

 8, 13 (LoUgopsis and Sepiola). 



In the species of LoUgopsis examined by 

 Rathke (loc. cit. p. 160, PI. 11.) the Ductus chole- 

 dochus \f as dilated mto a round sinus at the point 

 where the pancreatic tubes opened into it. 



• Note. The.se recent researches modify essentially what 

 Sinnnius has said iti tlie second volume of his work, upon 

 Ihe Appendices pyloricae and the Pancreas of fishes, — 

 organs not in the least identical. 



