424 



THE INSECTA. 



§ 338. 



crop-like dilatation,'^ which, with the Cicindolidac, Carabidae, Dytiscidae, 

 and Gyrinidae, ia followed by an ovoid gizzard. This last is longitudinally 

 plicated internally, and these folds are usually armed on their borders with 

 cilia or horny hooks. The intcstinoid stomach is of median length with 

 the carnivorous Coleoptera, but very long and more or less flexuous with 

 those which are herbivorous.'*** Nearly always, its whole external surface 

 is numerously constricted, and covered with small caeca.'"* The ileum and 

 colon are, usually, rather short.''"' 



Among the Orthoptera, the families Forficulidae, Termitidae, Blatti- 

 flae, Achetidae, Locustidae, Acrididae, and Mantidae, are distinguished for 

 their large crop,'"* which, with Gryllotalpa is completely constricted from 

 theoesopha;:us. The gizzard is of variable length, and covered, internally, 

 with rows of horny denticulated plates."-' The stomach is tubular, of equal 

 calibre, median length, and rarely makes a half or an entire turn.'^^' 

 In most of the families just mentioned, its upper extremity has two, six, or 

 eight caeca, "^' and its posterior part is continuous into an often somewhat 

 flexuous ileum upon which succeeds a short colon. With the Perlidae, the 

 gizzard is wanting, but the upper extremity of the stomach has from four to 

 eight caeca, pointing forwards. ''''* With the Phasmidae, and the Libelluli- 

 dae, the oesophagus is long and large, and protrudes somewhat into the 

 straight, oblong, constricted stomach, which is without caeca and is succeeded 

 by a very short ileum and colon. <'''' The digestive tube of the Ephem- 

 eridae, which, in their perfect state, take no food, is feebly developed. 

 Its walls are very thin throughout, and the oesophagus is directly continu- 

 ous with the stomach which is a bladder-like dilation and succeeded by a 

 short, straight intestine. ''''* 



Ramdohr, Magaz. d. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 

 1807, p. 207, Taf. IV. (Carabus) ; Brandt, Mediz. 

 Zool. II. Taf. XVII. XIX. (Meloe and Lytta) ; 

 Straus, Consider. &c. PI. V. (^Me/olontha).* 



7 With Oedemera, this crop is constricted from 

 the stomach ; see £,. Diifour, loc. cit. III. PI. 

 XXX. fig. 7, 8. 



8 The stomach is of the greatest length with the 

 Melolonthidae and Ilydrophilidae ; see Straus, loo. 

 cit. PI. v., and SucMow, loc. cit. II. Taf. III. IV. 



3 This constricted stomach is especially observed 

 with the herbivorous Coleoptera, as, with Meloe, 

 Lytta, and Cantharis ; but is wholly wanting with 

 Lycus, Telephorus, Malachius, and Cistela. 

 With tlie Elateridae, the stomach is smooth, but, at 

 its upper extremity there are two caecal folds, 

 which, with the Buprestidae, are very long ; see 

 L. Dufour, loc. cit. III. PI. XI. fig. 1, 3, 4 ; 

 Mec/cet,'Bcitr. &c. I. lift. 2, p. 129, Taf. VIII. fig. 

 5; and Gaerfe, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. XI. p. 330, 

 Tab. XLIV. fig. 1. 



W With the Dytiscidae, a pretty long and small 

 caecum extends forwards from the rectum ; see 

 Ramdohr, Abhandl. &c. Taf. II. ; L. Dufour, 

 loc. cit. III. PI. X. fig. 3, and Burmeister, Hand- 

 buch, &c., I. Taf. X. fig. 4. 



11 See Ramdohr, Abhandl. &c. Taf. I. ; Marcel 

 de Serres, loc. cit. PI. I.-III. ; Gaede, ISeitr. &c. 

 Taf. I. II. {Blatta and Acheta) ; Suckow, loc. cit. 

 III. Taf. VII. fig. 134-136 (Gryllotalpa) ; Bur- 

 meister, Handb. &c. I. Taf. XI. fig. 1-6 ; and L. 

 Dufour, loc. cit. XIII. 182S, p. 350, PI. XX. 



{Forficula), and his Recherch. sur les Orthopt. 

 &c. loc. cit. PI. I.-V. XIII. 



VI See the figures cited in the preceding note. 

 According to L. Dufour (Recherch. &c. p. 603, 

 PI. XIII. fig. 196), tins gizzard with its dental ap- 

 paratus is wanting with Termes ; but, according 

 to Burmeister (Ilandb. I. p. 137, Taf. XI. fig. 

 8-10), it is present being concealed at the base of 

 the oesophagus. 



13 GryUotalpaand Ephippigera. 



H These caeca are wanting with Forficula and 

 Termes. There are only two with Acheta, Gryl- 

 lotalpa, Locusta, and Ephippigera ; six to eight 

 with the Mantidae, Blattidae, and Acrididae. In 

 these last, each of these caeca sends off two dever- 

 tieula, one forwards, and the other backwards. 



15 See Sue/cow, in Hcusinger^s Zeitsch. II. p. 

 267, Taf. XVI. fig. 7 ; L. Dufour, Recherch. &c. 

 PI. XIII. fig. 198 ; and Pictet, Hist. Nat. des 

 Nevropt(}res. Famille des Perlides. These caeca 

 are wanting with Nemura. 



Ifi See Ramdohr, Abhandl. &c. Taf. XV. (Libel- 

 liila and Agrion) ; Suckow, loo. cit. II. Taf. II. 

 fig. 14 (Aeschna) ; L. Dufour, Recherch. &c. p. 

 568, PI. XI. (Aeschna and JJuellitlti) ; and Mul- 

 ler, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. XII. p. 571, Tab. L. 

 {Bacteria). These stomachic appendages are 

 wanting with Psocus also ; see Nitzsch, in Ger- 

 mar's Mag. IV. p. 277, Taf II. fig. 1. 



l^'See L. Dufour, Recherch. &c. PI. XI. fig. 

 167, and Pictet, Jlist. Nat. des Insect. Nd'vrfipt. 

 Famille des Eph^merines. 



* [ § 338, note 6.] See, also, Leidy, loc. cit., tails of the intimate anatomy of the alimentary 

 Flora and Fauna within Animals, &c., for full de- canal of PossaJas cornutus. — En. 



