July, 1912.] FUNGICIDES IN THE APPLE ORCHARD. 15 



No commercial Bordeaux has been found that is as satisfactory 

 as the home-made and many of the mixtures on the market are 

 practically worthless. (See page 4). A 3-3-50 Bordeaux is the 

 most desirable for use in the apple orchard. 



Lime- sulfur has in most cases proven a satisfactory substitute for 

 Bordeaux. It has caused little or no injury and in some seasons has 

 controlled the diseases as well as Bordeaux. The results of 1910 

 (see page 13) showed that two sprayings of lime-sulfur were en- 

 tirely inadequate to hold scab in check. When the diseases are 

 serious and the season a rainy one, more applications of lime-sulfur 

 will be required than of Bordeaux. Arsenate of lead is the only 

 insecticide that has proven satisfactory for use with lime-sulfur. 

 Commercial lime-sulfur diluted 2 to 50 has been repeatedly used in 

 New Hampshire orchards* without injury, but this strength has some- 

 times caused injury in other states and a weaker strength is probably 

 desirable. A dilution of 1^ or 1^ to 50 will probably prove most 

 satisfactory. The self-boiled lime-sulfur has given good results on 

 leaf spot but in most cases has not held other diseases in check as 

 well as Bordeaux and commercial lime-sulfur. Its value as a fungi- 

 cide will vary greatly with the quality of the lime used and the care 

 in making. 



The iron-sultid mixture gave good results in the one season it was 

 used. It is apparently worthy of further trial. 



The Baldwin is apparently more susceptible to spray injury than 

 the Mcintosh. 



The number of sprayings required will vary greatly with the 

 season, with the disease in question and with the general care of the 

 orchard. The removal of all cankers will greatly decrease the leaf 

 spot and the destruction of the fallen leaves is of value in controll- 

 ing both scab and leaf spot. The application of a strong fungicide 

 before the leaves are out and of one of regular strength just before 

 the flower buds open, will decrease the number of sprayings needed 

 later. By the observance of these precautions the diseases may be 

 greatly checked without any danger to the fruit. In orchards thus 

 cared for one additional spraying just after the blossoms have fallen 

 may be sufficient, if the season is not a rainy one. 



For methods of preparing fungicides and for further particulars in 

 regard to the nature of apple diseases see Bulletin No. 157 of the 

 New Hampshire Experiment Station. 



