356 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 



OTHER GRANULOMATA AND TUMORS. 



Actinomycosis is a rare affection of the lungs which clini- 

 cally and pathologically may closely resemble tuberculosis. 

 There are nodules of lobular pneumonia varying in size from 

 that of a pea to a cherry, which later become confluent and 

 undergo softening, resulting possibly in cavity-formation. 

 Microscopically the fungus is readily recognized within these 

 areas and in the sputum. 



Glanders also rarely affects the lungs, producing either dif- 

 fuse inflammation with abscess-formations or isolated charac- 

 teristic nodules which microscopically are found to consist of 

 masses of round cells. 



In leprosy the lungs are frequently affected, the lesions 

 resembling very closely those of tuberculosis. 



Tumors : Fibromata, lipomata, chondromata, sarcomata, and 

 carcinomata are sometimes observed in the lungs. Secondary 

 sarcoma is quite common, and occurs much more frequently 

 than primary. Secondary carcinoma is not so common as 

 secondary sarcoma. 



THE PLEURA. 



Hsemothorax is a term indicating blood in the pleural cavity. 

 It may result from rupture of an aneurism, or fracture of the 

 ribs or other injury to the chest. 



Hydrothorax signifies a non-inflammatory accumulation of 

 serum in the pleural cavity. It is usually bilateral, occurring 

 in the course of a general dropsy due to some chronic heart 

 or kidney disease, or to changes in the composition of the 

 blood. A slight serous effusion is not infrequent just before 

 death. If the amount of the effusion is considerable, it may 

 greatly interfere with respiration. 



Pneumothorax : Air alone is rarely present in the pleural 

 cavity. It is usually associated with a serous or purulent 

 effusion hydropnetimothorax or pyopneumothorax. It may 

 result from traumatic rupture or penetrating wounds of the 

 pleura ; 90 per cent, of all cases, however, are due to pulmon- 

 ary tuberculosis. 



