THE VINEYARD AND ORCHARD. 97 



is also ours, to plant varieties which are phyl- 

 loxera-proof, or nearly so. Fortunately we have 

 many which defy this pestiferous little root-louse, 

 and European vine-growers have been importing 

 them by the million. They are still used chiefly 

 as stocks on which to graft varieties of the vinifera 

 species. In California, grapes of the vinifera or 

 European species are generally cultivated ; but the 

 phylloxera is at its destructive work among them. 

 The wine-grapes of the future throughout the 

 world may be developed from the hardy astivalis 

 and cordifolia classes. In many localities, even 

 in this new land, varieties like the Delaware suc- 

 cumb to this scourge of foreign vineyards. 



The aphis, or plant-louse, sometimes attacks 

 the young, tender shoots of the vine. The moment 

 they appear, take off the shoot, and crush it^ on 

 a board with the foot. Leaf-rollers, the grape-vine 

 sphinx, and caterpillars in general must be caught 

 by hand and killed. Usually they are not very 

 numerous. The horrid little rose-chafers or rose- 

 bugs are sometimes very destructive. Our best 

 course is to take a basin of water and jar them off 

 into it, they fall readily, and then scald them 

 to death. We may discover lady-bugs small 

 red or yellow and black beetles among our 

 vines, and many persons, I fear, will destroy them 

 with the rest. We should take off our hats to 



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