METHODS OF lUJil) STIDV 



:y 



birds have become differeiiliated to iit all sorts ot" ciiviroiiiiuMits, 

 — air, water, marsh, prairie, and forest. 'J'hose of similar activi- 

 ties, like machines built and adjusted to their work, have come 

 to have similar structures, — <»f Ixxly, wint;-, foot, and l»ill. 

 Discoverv of these adjustments will add fi'csli interest at every 

 turn and increase respect for scientific biid stndy. Fig. >! is 

 (U'sio-ned to lix in mind the fundamental relations of the dif- 

 ferent orders to cnsironment. Common names often var\ in 



Priiitarle.s 



Pritnar)/ Covert 

 drPdfcr Covert 

 MiHtUe Covert 



Tail Cnrprt.t 

 Jiiiiiif) 

 -> nark- 



Lfftxer Covert.'^' 

 Ahi/(torSpuriou.<i 

 Crow 

 Median Line* 



}Ianaihle.-<{2',Z'- 



Lore* 

 SupercUiar!/ Line^^ 

 Ear Covert.^ or Aiiricalars 



/v jireast 

 - ^* Throat 



Scapii/ari< 

 Wing liars 

 — *■ Shoulder 

 Tibia 

 Tarsus 



C* teia 



I'l... 1-j. Topograpliy of a bird 

 C. A. Rof'.l 



different parts of the same country. Scientific names are the 

 same for all languages the world over, and this is the time to 

 learn them, if they are ever to l)e remembered. 



Again, in order to describe birds (piickly and accurattdy — 

 and as a help to seeing tlicm properly — we nnist learn lo 

 name tlie external parts, the so-called " topogi-aphy " (-f a bird. 

 The terms in Fig. 15 are, in the main, self-i'Xi)lanalorv. The 

 '' primaries,'^ " secondaries," and " tertials '* are attached respec 

 tively to the hand, fore-arm, and upper-arm l)ones of the wing. 



Tlie following list, suited to central New England, is given 

 merely by way of suo-crestion, as if the writer were a memher 



