LMI'oKTANr FIJKS 1 - 1 



It has been custoiiiarv in iiiaiiy t-arly s|iiiii;; taiiii'ai;;ii- in t.Jlrr 

 children ten cents a liiindn'd lor all house tlifs hroii;;hi in l»«'foie, sav. 

 the first of May, or hcfore hreedin;;' he^iiis in thf locality. On this 

 basis bills of five or six hundred dollars may !•»• ('X[«'ct«-d in <;ood-.si/c«l 

 cities, and it would }>i-ol>al>ly be better to offer one cent a hundred, and 

 be sure to avoid i)ayin<; for bluebottles, j^n-enitottles, or other lar;;e flesh 

 flies. These will always be killed alonii: with the rest, but they l>e^dii 

 active Ivreeding Huuii earlier in the sj>riiu; and, if not ruled out, iui;;ht 

 easily swamp any treasury. The four flies whose wings are shown in 

 Fig. 55 niay be included in the list to be j>aid for. 



Life history of the stable fly. During the summer of lltTJ a seriinis 

 outbreak of stable flies occurred in grain-raising sections of northerii 

 Texas, Oklahonui, Kansas, and \cl>raska. Cows fell off in milk and 

 even went dry, ojierations had to l>e susi>en<le(| in the fields bi-eanse the 

 aninuils could not endure the toinient of the swainis of flies, and uutuy 

 mules, horses, and cattle were killed outright. Investigation showed 

 that the flies werf breeding in the follow ing substances, iuime«l in a|>|>n»x- 

 imatc order of iinj'ortance: in the wet, fermenting straw of oats, rice, 

 bailev, and wheat, and in lioise and cow manure, esj>ecially w here nd\ed 

 witli straw. Thus most of the trouble arose fiom decaying strawsta<-ks 

 in the fields and from uncleaued liaiiiyar<ls. The minima! time rei|uired 

 for the different stages of development was found to be : v<^'^, one day ; 

 lai-\;i. eleM'u (lays: pupa, six days: making eighteen tlays from egg to 

 a<lult llv. Probably most of tin- stable Hies |.a>s the winter in the larval 

 or the pnpal stage :ind so are ready to enierge during warm spells in 

 winter an<l with the fiist warm days of spring. • Where st«»ck can be 

 stabled, these flies Can be successfully caught in the stable window 

 trai>s shown in Fig. ■'>:'>. 



Life history of the horn fly. The horn lly breeds t'\clusiv(dy in freshly 

 dropped cow manure. The flies leave thect»ws and swarm to fresh <lr(t|»- 

 jtings to lay their eggs, often covering the material as thickly as they 

 can stand. This occurs esi>ecially in the early morning h«»urs, and by 

 following the herd a few mornings with a hand sj.rayer loaded witii 

 kerosene or anv go<»d oil mixture used In keep the flies ofl from ani- 

 mals practically all the horn Hies can be killed, ('(.vering the fresh 

 droppings with lijue also ju-events the flies from breeding in them. 



Health statistics. Watdi bx-al licalth statistics and !•«•- 

 purls, especially as to tyi)li<'i«l ami cases and dcallis hniu 

 suinnier (-(uiiplaiiit, tiilx-ivulosis, and piicumoina. and any 



