132 



NON-SPECIFIC OR GENERAL DISEASES 



times the ligament is placed between the bony surfaces, but 

 usually it is attached to the margins of the articular surfaces 

 that it unites. The immovahle class possesses fibrous-like liga- 

 ments that are placed between the margins of the flat bones that 

 form the articulation. The mixed articulations are united by a 

 fibro-cartilaginous pad that is firmly attached to the articular 



faces of the bones, and by 

 peripheral ligaments that may 

 be flat or formed by scattered 

 fibres. All movaljle articu- 

 lations are formed by bony 

 surfaces encrusted with a 

 thin cartilaginous layer that 

 makes them perfectly smooth, 

 ligaments and complimentary 

 cartilages. Sometimes the 

 bony surfaces do not fit each 

 other, and we find between 

 them fihro-cartilages that com- 

 plete the articulation by 

 adapting the articular sur- 

 faces to each other. Round 

 or flat ligaments may extend 

 from one articular surface to 

 the other, and attached to the 

 margins of the articulation 

 are membranous, flat or round ligaments. Muscles and tendons 

 that cross the articulations should be included among the 

 structures binding them together. 



Movable joints possess a synovial membrane. This mem- 

 brane lines the structures that enclose the articulation and 

 secretes a fluid, the synovia, that lubricates the surfaces. 



The muscles are the contractile organs that move the body. 

 The movement of the different parts of the body is rendered 



Fig. 29. — Photograph of model of stifle joint, 

 showing (I, P) ligaments; (L) complementary- 

 cartilages; (K) femur; and (R) tibia. 



