126 FORESTS, WOODS, AND TREES 
latter tree; but its timber is inferior. It is entirely at 
home on warm sandy tracts near Bournemouth, where it 
reproduces itself freely, and attains a large size. Usually, 
however, it is inferior in growth to the Scots and Corsican 
pines. At Holkham, on the coast of Norfolk, it does 
not grow nearly so well on the sand-hills as the Corsican 
and Austrian pines. There is, however, a flourishing 
plantation (Fig. 20), 47 years old and nearly 200 acres in 
extent, on the sheltered side of a sand-hill on the sea-coast 
at Mullaghmore in Sligo. ‘This plantation has an average 
annual increment of about 60 cubic feet of timber per acre. 
At Abbeyleix this species has been cheaply established on 
a drained lowland peat-bog (Figs. 18 and 19) by sowing the 
seeds in situ. (see p. 19). It bears wind well in the 
milder parts of the kingdom, as on the west coast of 
Treland and on the south coast of England; but inland or 
at a considerable elevation the tree is usually a failure, the 
stems being curved and shortened by the wind. The use of 
the tree is distinctly limited to the afforestation of sand- 
dunes and of certain types of lowland bogs, where most of 
the peat has been removed for fuel. 
Pinus Montana.—This species, of which there are three 
main varieties, occurs naturally at high elevations in the 
Alps, Pyrenees, and other mountains of Central Europe. 
The dwarf form (var. pumilio) is a creeping shrub of no 
sylvicultural interest. The intermediate form (var. rostrata) 
is a small tree, not exceeding 30 feet in height, with several 
stems arising close to the ground, due to the rapid develop- 
ment of the side branches which turn upwards and grow at 
an equal pace with the leader. This form has been largely 
planted on the heaths and dunes of Jutland, where it has 
been found to improve remarkably the acid heath soil, and 
render it fit for the growth of other species. It is usually 
planted in the dunes pure at first; and afterwards common 
spruce is introduced, which without it could not be grown 
on this poor soil covered with heather. The upright form 
(var. wncinata) is an erect tree with a single undivided 
