146 FORESTS, WOODS, AND TREES 
building, ete. It will scarcely yield sawn timber of any 
value. 
It suffers from exposure to constant wind, and this limits 
its use to moderate altitudes, where it is especially useful 
for shelter on the margins of plantations (Fig. 31). At 
Monreith, Wigtownshire, it was killed on low-lying exposed 
ground by a late frost in the year after it was planted out. 
It is very suitable for underplanting larch that has lost its 
vigour and begun to suffer from disease. As a main-crop 
tree, its use will be limited to western localities, where the 
rainfall is heavy and the exposure not too great. 
Lawson Cypress.—This species is remarkable for its free- 
dom from injury from frost, insects, or fungi. It is very 
cheaply raised from seed, and is readily transplanted. It 
bears exposure to wind better than Thuya gigantea, but is 
considerably slower in growth. Like that species, it is an 
intense shade-bearer, and cleans its stem only after a long 
term of years. The timber of old trees in Oregon is re- 
markably good, but such cannot be produced here on 
rotations that would yield any profit. Its use, then, in 
afforestation in this country must be extremely limited. It 
grows well on peaty soils, and might be occasionally tried 
in patches in plantations in the wettest districts, or in 
underplanting. 
Cupressus macrocarpa.— This species occurs wild at 
Monterey on the coast of California, in the same limited 
district as Pinus insignis, and like that species is character- 
ised by great vigour. It grows fast, and is perfectly hardy 
in the milder parts of this country, as in the south and 
south-west of England, in Wales, on the western seaboard 
of Scotland, and in the maritime counties of Ireland 
(Fig. 29). It produces in a short period of years an im- 
mense volume of timber. Being a dense shade-bearer, 
Cupressus macrocarpa does not ordinarily clean its stem, as 
when grown pure the branches persist indefinitely, even 
when the trees stand close together. Mixed with beech the 
branches could be much sooner killed off, and more valuable 
