BUDDING, GRAFTING, ETO. ot 
the ends of the lowest root, so that we see that branches 
and roots are formed of one and the same material; and 
if we wish to convert a branch into roots at any particular 
point, we have only to give it an opportunity of escaping 
into a congenial and natural element. Consequently, when 
we wish to make a branch produce roots.so that it shall 
become capable of living independently of the parent 
plant, we bend it down and cover that portion on which 
we wish to produce roots, at’the same time making an in- 
cision through the bark and into the wood, so as to arrest 
or cut off the downward flow of sap at that particular 
point. This cutting the branch is not always necessary 
with all kinds to insure the production of roots; still, it 
hastens the process, even with those that produce their 
roots most readily. But we must not cut so deeply as to 
prevent the upward flow, because we wish the branch to 
live and grow until it has produced sufficient roots to sup- 
Pie 4 
port itself As a general rule, the branch may be cut half 
through, and on the under side, and if slightly split, it will 
be all the better. Fig. 4 shows a layer as it appears when 
