DECIDUOUS TREES. 119 
very dark green above, shining, dull, rusty pubescent be 
neath; acorn short, medium size; cup top-shape, very 
rough, inclosing one half of the nut; bark on the branches 
and stem deeply furrowed and of a very dark color; a 
beautiful tree when in full leaf; wood is coarse-grained, 
and not considered valuable except for fuel. It is common 
on the sandy soils of New Jersey, but is scarcely more 
than a large shrub there, while on the rich soils of Illinois 
it attains the height of forty to sixty feet. 
QvuERcus tTINCTORIA (Quercitron Oak).—Leaves obo- 
vate oblong, deeply sinuate-pinnatified, the lobes some- 
what toothed, rusty downy when young, smooth at matu- 
rity; acorn spherical, three quarters of an inch long; cup 
shallow ; kernel of nut extremely bitter; a large tree with 
thick bark—the inner layer is used by dyers; wood reddish, 
coarse-grained, much used for hewn timber. It is a native 
of most of the Northern States. 
QueERcus coccinrA (Scarlet Oak).—Leaves with long 
petiole, oval with deep, broad sinuses, with six to eight 
entire lobes, bright green on both sides; acorn globular, 
about three quarters of an inch long; cup inclosing about 
one half its length; a large tree, with leaves becoming 
bright scarlet in autumn; grows in high, dry, but rich 
soils; common both North and South. 
QuERcus RuBRA (fed Oak)—Leaves oblong with shal- 
low sinuses, slightly pubescent when young, becoming 
smooth; acorn large, oyoid, set in a very shallow cup; a 
large tree, with rather smooth bark until it is very old; 
wood very coarse-grained, not considered valuable ; com- 
mou in rocky woods from Canada to Florida. 
