INDIGENOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 29 



beautiful when polished. Is a good substitute for the Box-wood; is often 

 manufactured into domestic ware, such as sugar-bowls salt-cellars, spoons, 

 etc. It is not recommendable as an ornamental tree to stand alone. Its 

 branches break easy in the wind; its limbs are illy balanced and shade 

 scanty. All over the United States and the Canadas, it is attacked by a 

 worm that eats into the heart and kills the tree prematurely. When thus 

 bored into and wind-disheveled, it presents a most forbidding aspect. If 

 hunters would spare- the wookpeckers we could have the locusts in our 

 forests and planted groves for marketable purposes. No species of trees 

 furnish so valuable posts and railroad ties, when not worm-eaten. 

 The Rose Flowering, Yellow-wood, Sweet and Water Locusts have special 

 merits, 



HARDY SHRUBS. 



In his twelfth annual report of the Geological and Natural History Sur- 

 vey of Minnesota, Prof. Winchell, through Prof. Upham, acting as assist- 

 ant, says, p. 183: "Of the 412 species in Sargent's Catalogue of the Forest 

 Trees of North America (north of Mexico), 81 occur indigenously in Min- 

 nesota; but eight of these, though becoming trees in some portions of the 

 United States, do not here attain a tree-like size or habit of growth, while 

 forty-eight become large trees, at least forty to fifty feet high. Besides 

 these, about 125 indigenous shrubs belong to this flora, making its whole 

 number of wooded plants about 206. 



In the same catalogue of the total number of plants in Minnesota, Prof. 

 Winchell enumerates 1,650, one-twelfth of which consists of introduced 

 species, belonging to 557 genera, and representing 118 families or orders. 

 Since then Conway MacMillan, Professor of Botany, in the University, 

 adding to the list by virtue of further research, estimates that we have 

 1,750 seed-producing plants, 75 species and varieties of ferns, club mosses 

 and allied ferns, 700 mosses and liverworts, 2,500 fungi, 800 algae, 250 

 lichens. The work of collection is by no means finished. There are 

 numerous species and varieties, new to science, waiting discovery "in 

 neglected nooks, in marsh, in dense woods, cool ravines, on cliffs and hills, 

 in streams and lakes." 



The author of this compilation has included in his descriptive enumer- 

 ation of indigenous trees (real) some of our large shrubs referred toby 

 Prof. Upham. As there are other shrubs of smaller sizes which are necessa- 

 ry to complete genuine forestry, serving as protective supports to our large 

 trees, some of them are here summarily mentioned as hardy and reliable. 

 Without shrubs of some sort mixed in with our trees, we cannot reasonably 

 expect success in our cold and hot windy climate. They should be planted 

 and fostered in our forest clumps and wind-breaks; and as a source of 

 luxury and profit, it is well to select such as bear berries for the market 



