INDIGENOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 31 



with alum gives a yellcv/ dye; when this mixture is concentrated it gives 

 a sap-green used by painters. Withal a valuable shrub to plant. 



JERSEY TEA. 



Buckthorn. The species known as Red Root, Jersey Tea, Ceanotlms 

 Americanus, is worthy of a place in our forestry work. It is quite common 

 throughout the state, except far northward. A shrub ranging from 

 twenty-five to thirty feet high; roots red, mossy, gnarly; a nuisance to the 

 plow. Flowers, summer, crowded in a dense slender peduncled (flower 

 stalked) cluster. The leaves deciduous, ovate, finely-toothed downy 

 beneath, three-ribbed and veiny; sometimes used as a substitute for tea. 

 So gnarly rooted, adapted to dry grounds, it can no doubt serve an admirable 

 purpose as a pioneer in regenerating wild and barren localities, pre- 

 paratory to the planting of larger and more advanced trees. 



English buckthorn, Rhci7nmis catharticus . 



A popular hedge plant of Europe and the eastern states; bears close 

 pruning without injury; robust, pretty, white flowers in June; black ber- 

 ries, hardy even in very severe localities. Seeds ripen in autumn. 



prickly ash, Zanthoxylum Americana. 



Common, perfectly hardy; makes an impenetrable hedge. Autumn 

 seeds. 



buffalo berry, Shepherdia argentea. 



Give it a proper place and it will grow from ten to fifteen feet high; 

 found along the water courses of Dakota and Montana; bears imperfect 

 flowers before the leaves appear; leaves are silvery and pretty; difficult to 

 secure pistillate plants, hence must have fertilization; fruit red, having 

 one quite large seed; acid, makes a good jelly or sauce; hardy, and is used 

 for hedges. Grows from seed. 



RUSSIAN MULBERRY. 



The Russian seems to take the lead of the mulberries in Minnesota. 

 Useful for shelter and wood. Standing alone, it is handsome. Makes a 

 solid hedge. Its fruit has an aromatic odor, sub-acid, sweetish. Thorn- 

 shrubs of the Crataegus family, such as the White, with its rigid thorns 

 and crimson fruit; the Black (American) and Hawthorn (English), are well 

 fitted for hedges and the forest borders. 



red and yellow plum, Prunus Americana. 



Select, blossoming in April and May and fruiting in July and August. 

 Let them occupy the sunny niches of the woods, protected and protective, 

 yielding their delicious plums. 



THE UNDERBRUSH. 



In the planted forest place the dogwood, the native hollies, red bird 

 cherries, the choke cherries, the June berries the wild raspberries and 

 blackberries, currants, dewberries, sand-cherries, gooseberries, elders and 

 wild dwarf roses, alon^ the borders with the thorns, and grow in there 



