FOREST UTILIZATION 19 



Higher price for peeled wood. Butt logs pre- 

 ferred. Cutting of saw logs out of same tree 

 forbidden. 



(p) Fuel cordwood. Advisability for piles to contain 

 one cord. Weight of pieces should be such 

 that one man can lift them easily. Splitting 

 facilitates the process of drying; in pine wood 

 it also prevents rotting. 



CHAPTER III. TRANSPORTATION. 



VIII. TRANSPORTATION WITHOUT VEHICLES ON LAND. 



The following methods of such transportation are en vogue : 



A. Carrying stove wood, pulp wood, extract wood etc. on men's 



shoulders, a- method of transportation very largely used 



abroad and in India. Carrying distances abroad range up to 



one-eighth of a mile. In India railroad ties are carried by 



the Hindoos over much longer distances. 

 "Stretchers" are sometimes used where slope is not steep, or 



"timber carriers." Morley Bros.' lughooks are used in 



America. 

 At Biltmore firewood is carried to the roads over an average 



distance of 150 feet on men's shoulders. 



B. Dragging logs by human force where vehicles or water is near 



and where produce does not weigh over a ton. The front 

 end of a log is placed on a tray (lizard) to prevent it from 

 boring into the ground. 



Barked or peeled and well trimmed logs are easily dragged. 

 Silviculturally, dragging is, of course, inferior to carrying 

 of wood products. 



C. Rolling logs by human labor is necessary almost everywhere. 



Peavy, cant hook and "krempe" are used for the purpose. 

 On a slope of about 15 %, after removing obstacles, logs will 



roll easily. 

 Shingle blocks, stovewood blocks and other short round wood 



may be spanned in a frame. This method of transportation 



badly damages j*oung growth and trees left standing. 



D. Shooting logs down chutes. 



A dell in the slope of 30 % or more is often filled with (peeled) 

 logs ; then the top logs are shot down the dell over the other 

 logs below. 



Three kinds of chutes proper may be distinguished : 

 I. Pole chutes ; 

 II. Board chutes ; 

 III. Earth chutes. 



I. Pole chutes have been largely used in the United 

 States, costing about $300 a mile. They are said' 



