FOREST UTILIZATION 29 



IV. The usual load of a sleigh is five tons, while a wagon car- 

 ries only two tons on an average. 



The actual load depends on distance, grade and condition 

 of road. In the Adirondacks about 2,000 board feet 

 form a load ; in Ontario 1,500 feet of white pine or 

 spruce. 



V. Sledding roads are constructed in the Adirondacks at an 

 expense of $25 to $150 per mile. The sledding dis- 

 tance is said not to exceed three miles, usually. The 

 teaming expense is about IOC per 1,000 board feet per 

 mile. 



The relative distance of snaking and sledding depends 

 on configuration and density of stand. Sledding roads 

 are preferably built on swampy soil. Heavy grades re- 

 quire a heavy outlay for sanding; insufficient grades a 

 heavy outlay for icing. Carelessness in surveying sleigh 

 roads is extremely expensive in short, mild, snowless 

 winters. The modern lumberman surveys his roads 

 with instrument in hand, completing them before snow- 

 fall. 



To begin with, an empty or lightly loaded sleigh is run 

 over the road to mark and set the track. 



B. Transportation on two-wheelers. 



I. High wheelers, wheels 7 feet to 10 feet high, are used in 

 the pineries of the South, in California, and to a cer- 

 tain extent in the Lake States for hauling coniferous 

 logs of i l / 2 feet average diameter and of extra long 

 length. 



Logs are loaded underneath the axle, either by using the 

 tongue as a lever or with the help of a second axle 

 having the form of a winch (Southern method). 

 Logging distance in the South not to exceed half a mile, 

 average one-quarter of a mile. Expense $i per 1,000 

 board feet. 



The best makes are : 



Bodley Wagon Co., Staunton, Va. ; Snyder Wagon Co., 



Shreveport, La. 

 Prices from $100 to $150. 



II. Low wheelers, usually called "Bummers," the wheels con- 

 sisting of a solid tree section held by iron rims i l / 2 feet 

 in diameter. The top of the axle is even with the top 

 of the wheels. The tongue is only six feet long and 

 merely used as a lever in loading. The bummer is 

 pulled by chain attached to point of tongue and is 

 loaded by placing axle parallel to log close to center 

 of log, with the tongue standing perpendicular, the 

 log being fastened to the axle by short chains and 

 dogs. 



