part 1111. flfeanufacture of Moot) products. 



CHAPTER IV. FOUNDATIONS OF MANUFACTURE. 



XII. THE AMERICAN FORESTER AS A LUMBERMAN. 



In the old country, a large portion of the products grown in the 

 forest go to the holders of prescriptive rights (easements). The balance 

 is sold either under private contract or at public auction or under sealed 

 bids. 



In France, standing stumpage is sold, while in Germany the trees are 

 dissected, at the owner's expense, into assortments required by the local 

 manufacturing trades. 



Usually, in the old country, the raw products of the forest are not 

 refined by the forest owner. The forest industries are in the hands of 

 parties who do not own or control an acre of woodland. 



In Canada, timber leases or timber limits are sold at public auction. 

 The purchaser pays, aside from the auction price, an annual rental (so 

 called ground rent) and, further, for every i,coo feet b. m. cut, a specified 

 royalty. Neither ground rent nor royalty is object of the auction sale. 



On the forest reserves of the United States auction sales are meant to 

 form the main method of disposal of forest products, exceptions being made 

 only in the interest of local residents. 



The private owner. of woodlands in the United States, and his forester, 

 is and will be compelled to be a wood manufacturer for many a year to 

 come. 



The lumberman need not be a forester ; but the forester must be a 

 full fledged and experienced lumberman. Woe to conservative forestry 

 in the United States if the forester, satisfied to give theoretical advice, fails 

 to devote to lumbering and manufacture the larger part of his energy ! 



XIII. MOTIVE POWER. 



Motive power is supplied by : 



A. Actual animal power said to be used in Texas for running port- 



able saw mills. 



B. Wind-mills, which furnish an insufficient and unreliable power. 



C. Water-mills. The horse power of falling water is : 



v X h X 62.5 



33000 



wherein stands : v for volume of discharge in cubic feet per 



minute ; 



and h for height of fall in feet ; and 



wherein 62.5 represents the weight of a cubic foot of water 



and 33,000 equals one horsepower per minute. 



(41) 



