FOREST UTILIZATION 9 



(c) In the South, at the present time, cottonseed meal and hulls 

 form the cheapest food. Food requirements per yoke per 

 day are 25 Ibs. of meal and 40 Ibs. of hulls. Present prices 

 of meal $25 per ton and hulls $8 per ton, delivered at 

 Brevard, N. C. 



CHAPTER II. CUTTING OPERATIONS. 



v. WOODSMEN'S TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS. 



A. Axe. It consists of a handle, 32 inches to 42 inches long, made 

 of hickory, ash, locust or mulberry, either straight or "S" curved, 

 and of a blade or head forming a steel wedge of particular temper. 

 The cheeks of the wedge are slightly curved in the midst, falling 

 down gradually towards the upper and lower line. The weight lies 

 either close to the bit or close to the handle, according to local 

 predilection. 



The best make is the Kelly axe. 



Double bit axes, requiring straight handles, are largely used in the 

 Northeast. Special splitting axes, of greater weight and broader 

 cheeks, are rarely used (for sugar barrel bolts and retort wood). 

 For hardwood, a thin and light axe (a cutting axe) is preferred, while 



for softwood a broad and heavy axe is used (a tearing axe). 

 A box of axes contains an assortment of various weights. In Europe 



the bit is relaid with steel, after wearing off. 

 The axe is used 



I. For cutting trees entirely or partly. 

 II. For swamping (axe to be l /2 lb. heavier). 



III. For splitting. 



IV. For nosing logs. 



V. For driving wedges. 

 Price of axes from $6 to $8 a dozen. Handles are $i a dozen. 



B. Adz and broadaxe. 



The adz and broadaxe are used for trimming and barking export 

 logs, squares, ties and construction timber. The blade of the adz 

 stands at right angles to the plane of the sweep and has such 

 curvature as corresponds to the curve of the sweep through the 

 air. The cutting edge is ground concave on the inner side. 



The broadaxe is either right or left sided, the plane of the blade 

 forming an angle of 5 to 10 with the plane of the handle. The 

 handle is usually short, the blade very heavy and wide. 



C. Peavies. 



The peavy is a typical American tool, not used elsewhere. The best 

 make is Morley Bros.' line of blue tools. 



The hooks are distinguished as round bill, duck bill and chisel bill 

 hooks, made of hammered steel. The socket is either solid or con- 

 sists of rings. The square pick (point) is driven cold into the 

 round bored point of the handle. The handle is 4 to 6 ft. long, 

 straight, 2^2 inches to 3 inches through and is made of hickory, 

 ash, or usually hard maple. Price per dozen is $10 to $22. 



