FOREST UTILIZATION 



(c) Feed values equivalent to ico Ibs. of good hay, after Has- 



well, are 



= 54 Ibs. of barley. 

 = 57 Ibs. of oats. 

 = 59 Ibs. of corn. 

 = 275 Ibs. of green corn. 

 = 374 Ibs. of wheat straw. 

 = 400 Ibs. of cornstalks. 



C. Mules. 



I. They are employed for : 



(a) Light logs on good ground and for long distances. 



(b) For wagoning lumber and provisions. 



(c) For hauling on rail tracks (wooden and iron rails). 



(d) For hoisting logs on inclines. 



(e) For plowing and scraping in road and railroad building. 



II. Food for 1,000 Ibs. mule flesh, as for horses. 



Mules require less care than horses, taking care of themselves 

 and resisting overwork. They are frequently not fed at 

 noon. (Price per team at Biltmore, $200.) 



D. Oxen. 



I. Price per yoke is from $80 to $120, weight from 2,000 to 2,500 Ibs. 

 Ox yokes form the rule, although efficiency of oxen in harness is 



superior. Shoeing for each claw separately difficult and risky, 

 but necessary on hard ground. 



Special training takes place from second year on. Fitness for hard 

 work begins in the fifth year, when ossification of bones is com- 

 pleted. 



Special training for leaders. 



II. Employment. 



In the South for snaking heavy logs or log trains in Oregon ; for 

 hauling logs suspended underneath high two-wheel trucks in the 

 pineries ; rarely for loading cars or wagons. 



III. Standard work. 



An ox walks 14 miles per day with load. An ox yields in eight 

 hours of work 270 horsepower, hence he produces only four- 

 fifths of the effect of a horse. 



After Thaer, an ox produces only one-half as much power as a 

 horse of the same weight. 



IV. Feed. 



(a) It is much cheaper to feed oxen per 1,000 Ibs. living weight 



than to feed horses of same weight. 



Ruminants have four stomachs and thus digest their food 

 better. No feed is given in the middle of the day, and no 

 expense is incurred during idle periods, where pasture is 

 available. 



(b) Careful treatment and* good stables required. Oxen must 



not be hurried. Soft yokes, proper salting and regular 

 watering. 



