FOREST UTILIZATION 



(d) Where contract legislation is bad. (Lien laws in Minne- 

 sota; $1,500 exemption clause in North Carolina.) 

 III. Contract work is generally preferable to day work because 

 it is cheaper. Contract work is doubly advisable where em- 

 ployer's liability laws work against the employer. Contracts 

 should always be in writing. The specification sheet should be 

 kept apart from the paragraphs of agreement, so as not to en- 

 cumber the contract. 

 The main clauses of a contract cover : 



(a) Time allowed to complete work; 



(b) Installments and payments; 



(c) Building of snaking roads, sleigh roads and skidways ; 



(d) Scaling of defective logs and of sound logs; 



(e) Employer's liability; 



(f ) Fines for fire, stock at large, fishing, hunting and drunken- 

 ness, and demand for discharge of culprits ; 

 (g) Shanties and log houses and commissary bills; 

 (h) Supply of tools; deduction for loss and spoliation of tools; 

 (i ) Fines for cutting trees not marked or of too small a 



diameter ; 



( j ) Fines for leaving marked trees uncut ; 

 (k) Fines for poor work and unnecessary damage ; 

 (1 ) Possibility of speedy termination of contract in emergency 



cases; 



(m) Nomination of umpire to avoid suits in case of discrepan- 

 cies. 



The specifications cover the following points : 

 Height of stumps; peeling of bark; separating product accord- 

 ing to quality ; length, diameter, weight of product ; nosing 

 logs; cutting defects out (unsound knots etc.); placing the 

 product on sticks (so as to allow it to dry) or on skidways; 

 method of carrying or moving products; swamping (removal 

 of branches); use of road poles (breast works); skidways; 

 -road building. 

 D. Subdivision of labor. 



The leading principle is that one division gang must push the other. 

 I. Lumbering. 



(a) Cutting or felling crews, consisting usually of two hands; 



sometimes a third man to drive wedges and to make 

 the axe cut. 



(b) Log makers, dissecting the bole into logs. A foreman 



should be an ex-sawyer or an ex-lumber inspector. 



(c) Swamping crew, to clear trees of branches and to open 



suspicious knots. 



(d) Snaking crew at Biltmore five hands for a three-yoke 



team ; three men to get the logs ready and to remove 

 brush (debris) and two men to accompany the load. 



(e) Skidway crew two hands rolling logs onto skidways. 



