FOREST UTILIZATION 5 



(b) Commissary bills. This method of payment is used in 



the South only, in connection with colored labor. 



(c) Privileges (house, farm, pasture). 



(d) Board. Expense at Biltmore, per capita, 2Sc to 3oc; in 



Lake States, 4oc to 5oc per day. Wages of camp 

 cooks in Lake States, $50 and over per month ; 

 at Biltmore, $15 to $30 per month. 

 Victuals required per capita, see "Lumber and Log 



Book," page 144. 

 II. Scale of remuneration. 



Wages depend on the effect of labor or on the values created 



by labor. 

 Influencing factors are : 



(a) Density of population. 



(b) Human strength and technical skill required. 



(c) Silvicultural understanding required. 



(d) Hardships endured and risks taken. 



(e) Prices of the necessary victuals. 



(f) Length of day during cutting season. Compare page 



162, "Lumber and Log Book." 



Where contract work prevails, the following additional 

 factors come into play : 



(g) Tools supplied by employer or employee, 

 (h) Softwoods or hardwoods. 



(i) Amount to be cut per acre. 



(j) Configuration of ground and remoteness from roads. 



(k) Distance from home village. 



(1) Possibility of continuing work during rain. 



Experiments have shown that workmen paid under con- 

 tract per one thousand feet b. m. earn more money in 

 big timber than in small timber, and that a system of 

 payment according to the diameter of the log is far 

 more just. 

 C. Method of employment. 



In France the woodworkers are employed by the purchaser of 

 stumpage ; in Germany, invariably by the owner of the forest. 

 In America, both systems are found, the former prevailing. 

 Whether the German or French system is preferable is an open 

 question. 



I. Hands are usually recruited from farm laborers, hence advisa- 

 bility of locally combining agriculture and forestry. In addition, 

 the employees of the building trades, unoccupied during winter, 

 supply help for the lumber camp. 

 II. Day work is advisable in preference to contract work 



(a) Where quality (effect) of labor cannot be controlled, nota- 



bly in nursery work ; 



(b) Where experienced hands must be trained; 



(c) Where contract labor cannot be obtained (Pacific coast) ; 



