FOREST UTILIZATION 



passes; bridge building (trestles); telephone poles; backing of 

 piano veneers ; slack barrel hoops and sawn staves. 



Beech : Wood alcohol ; wood ashes ; charcoal ; shoe lasts ; plane 

 stocks ; clothespins ; handles ; wooden bowls ; horse collars 

 (hames) ; parquet strips ; flooring; street paving; railroad ties ; 

 sugar barrels. Beech furniture made out of veneers of three or 

 four thicknesses, or bent after steaming. 



Hop hornbeam : Posts ; levers ; tool handles ; wagon brake ; shoes ; 

 wedges. 



Hornbeam : Used for same purposes as above, and teeth of gear 

 wheels. 



White birch : Toothpicks ; shoe pegs and lasts ; wood pulp ; 

 spools ; clothespins ; screws ; flooring ; veneers ; furniture ; bob- 

 bins and spindles ; wooden skewers ; hand-made barrel hoops. 



Gray birch (yellow) : Furniture (usually mahogany finish) ; match 

 boxes ; wheel hubs ; tool handles ; buttons ; brush backs ; shoe 

 pegs ; clothespins ; sugar barrels ; dry distillation for wood 

 vinegar; wood alcohol; charcoal etc. 



River birch : Furniture ; woodenware ; wooden shoes ; ox yokes. 



Cherry birch (sweet birch): Imitation cherry furniture; ship 

 building; bark distilled for oil of wintergreen. 



Oregon alder : Furniture ; cigar boxes ; mining props and water 

 conduits ; charcoal in gunpowder. 



Black willows : Osier culture (imported species) ; pollarded for 

 fascines; the Missouri species for fence posts after thorough 

 seasoning ; bats for baseball ; a drug, salicylic acid, made from 



' the bark ; charcoal for smokeless powder. 



Cottonwoods : Boxes ; wood pulp and fibre ; slack barrels ; wooden- 

 ware ; flooring ; excelsior ; backing for veneers in "organs and 

 pianos; matches; cheap building lumber; cheap furniture; 

 wagon beds; turnery; woodenware; fence boards. 



B. Conifers. 



Incense cedar: Water flumes; fencing; furniture; interior finish; 



laths and shingles. 



White cedar (northern): Posts; fencing; telegraph poles; rail- 

 road ties ; tanks and buckets ; shingles ; street paving ; boat 



lining. 

 White cedar (Southern): Woodenware; tanks; buckets; barrels; 



telegraph poles and fence posts ; shingles ; railroad ties ; boats ; 



lampblack. 

 Red cedar (Pacific) : Canoes of Indians; interior finish; fencing; 



shingles: cooperage; tanks; buckets. 

 Port Orford cedar (Lawson's cypress) : Lumber; inside finishing; 



flooring ; railroad ties ; fence posts ; matches ; ship building. 



The rosin is a powerful insecticide. 

 Western juniper: Fences. 

 Red cedar (of the East) : Tanks, posts, buckets; telephone poles; 



cigar boxes ; chests ; pencils ; interior finish. 



