FOREST UTILIZATION 



(i) In the "stave planer," a steel pattern passing 

 through the machine with the stave lifts the 

 cutters in such a way as to allow the shoulders 

 of the staves to retain a greater thickness than 

 the middle of the staves. 



III. Hoops. 



In tight cooperage, steel or iron hoops are used, driven 

 over the barrel by hoop drivers or trussing machines 

 and sometimes fastened by hoop fasteners. 



In slack cooperage, wooden hoops are still preferred and 

 wire hoops are only occasionally used. Wooden hoops 

 are either hand made, especially the long white oak 

 hoops used on tobacco hogsheads, or sawed from 

 plank by a hoop machine, or finally knife-cut on a 

 rotary machine or a sash frame machine. 



A machine by which sawed hoops are obtained directly 

 from logs does not seem to be much used. By special 

 machinery hoops are planed, pointed, lapped and 

 punched. 



A hoop coiler rolls the hoops into bundles ; usually the 

 outfit of a "sawed hoop" plant consists of a saw bench, 

 a saw machine and a coiler. 



IV. Barrels. 



Putting up a barrel requires : 



(a) Heating, in order to increase the flexibility of the 



staves held together by an iron form and by one 

 or two hoops. 



(b) Bending in an apparatus consisting of screw 



and rope, windlass and rope, or of a funnel 

 press. 



(c) Crozing, i. e., making a groove for the insertion 



of the heading, either by a hand planer or by 

 a power groover. 



The finished barrel is automatically planed on the 

 outside ; if it does not assume the exact form 

 of a doubly truncated parabolloid, it is pressed 

 into shape by a barrel leveler. 



XXIIL WAGON WORKS. 



A. The raw material must be tough and strong and, above all, air 



dry. The dry kiln often follows after two or three years 'of 



air drying. 

 Second growth of black or shell bark hickory is used for tongues, 



shafts, spokes, rims, axles, neck yokes, whiffletrees and eveners. 

 White oak or burr oak is used for spokes, tongues, bolsters, 



hounds, reaches and axles. 



Black birch, rock elm, white oak and locust are used for hubs. 

 Wagon beds are made of yellow poplar, pines, cottonwoods, the 



composing boards being either ship lapped or tongued and 



grooved. 



