112 



FOREST UTILIZATION 



II. 



box, running as high as the tip. The 

 resulting grooves act as gutters for the 

 rosin. 



3. Hacking : Hacking or chipping begins in 



early March and is continued until 

 October. The "hack" is a bent-bladed, 

 sharp instrument which is used obliquely 

 across the tree, producing a series of 

 V shaped grooves in the outer layers of 

 sapwood above the box and the corners. 

 The points of the Vs stand in a vertical 

 line over the tip. The surface thus 

 scarified is called a face. The chipping 

 removes l / 2 inch of sapwood. The face 

 of the first season is from 18 inches to 

 24 inches high and always remains as 

 wide as the box. 



4. Collecting: The virgin dip accumulating 



in the box during the first season is 

 dipped out seven or eight times ; the 

 rosin, hardened on the face, is scraped 

 off. 



(c) Operations of subsequent seasons : 



In the following seasons, the face is gradually car- 

 ried upward until the working- becomes unprofit- 

 able. 



The output of dip, now called yellow dip, decreases 

 from year to year, with the increase of distance 

 between freshly hacked face and box. The scrape 

 preponderates over the dip. 



Longleaf pine may be tapped for an indefinite num- 

 ber of years, if intermissions of a few years per- 

 mit the trees to recuperate. 

 French method (Hugues system). 



(a) Species used : Pinus maritima, which grows on 



the sand dunes fringing the western shore of 

 France, is exclusively treated to this method. 



(b) Operations : 



Remove the rough bark around the tree to 

 prevent pieces of bark from falling onto 

 the face. 



2. In early March make a scar close to 



the ground 4 inches wide and i% feet 

 high, removing 2/5 inch of sapwood. The 

 instrument used is a bent-bladed, 

 crooked-handled axe. 



3. Insert a toothed collar, made of zinc or 



