SYLVICULTURE. 



Hoes are used in exceptional cases only, where labor is cheap 

 and where the soil does not allow of using teams and machinery. 



Mules and horses are muz/led to protect broad-leaved seedlings 

 from being browsed. 



Paragraph XXVII. Prairie planting in particular. 



A. The prairie exhibits as marked climatic differences as the 

 State of Georgia compared to the District of Labrador. 



" General prescriptions for prairie planting " are impossible, 

 owing to these climatic diversities. 



B. The species used must be adapted to the quality of the soil, 

 the intensity of summer heat, the duration of the summer, the soil 

 moisture, the air moisture. Native trees should be given the pref- 

 erence in case of doubt. 



C. Prairie plantations are meant either for production of timber 

 (ties, posts, etc.), or for shelter to stock, house, orchard and field. 



D. Species recommended for prairie planting are: 



I. For Canada : 



White Spruce, Cottonwood, Balm of Gilead, Box-elder, Green Ash, 

 Russian Poplar; further Yellow Pines. 



II. For Minnesota and Dakota: 



Cottonwoods, Soft Maples, Willows, Ashes, Box-elder, Tamarack 

 in swamps, Bur Oak along rivers. 



III. For Nebraska and Iowa: 



The same species and Red Cedar, Russian Mulberry. 

 rV. For Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Missouri : 

 Osage Orange, Black Locust, Hardy Catalpa, Post Oak and 

 White Oak. 



E. Naturally we should expect Xerophytic species, like Yellow 

 Pines, to do best in the prairies, and the old stumps found buried in 

 the ground bear testimony to their possibilities. Being evergreen the 

 Pines protect the farmers best from blizzards. Still, just Pines are 

 most apt to meet with distress previous and after the act of 

 planting. Ball planting should be tried. The European Pinus mon- 

 tana resists wind particularly well. 



F. Preparation of soil: It is best to prepare the soil thoroughly 

 by several years' field crops. Deep plowing is required (Tourney) 

 in the fall previous to planting and in the spring of planting. 



G. Preparation of plants: The seedlings arriving at the farm 

 should be removed from the package; heeled in under shade, pro- 

 tected from winds and sprinkled if frost is not to be feared. Toumey 



71 



