In the case of Yellow Pines, light fires seem even helpful to 

 n. s. r. 



Since the valuable species form, however, the minority amongst 

 the seed-trees, the worthless and less valuable kinds usually prevail 

 in the young growth formed after culling. Cleaning and weeding 

 are required to improve the prospects of the minority composed of 

 noble species. Besides, improvement cuttings are indicated in the 

 culled forms: "The culled form is the form requiring improvement 

 cuttings." 



The "aristocrats'" frequently return only to the regeneration 

 area after a score or two of years, the rash "mob" then acting as 

 nurse-trees or as ushers. 



Where heavy and extensive fires have swept the culled forest 

 originally consisting of exacting species, patient waiting alone can 

 secure conditions more favorable to aristocratic regeneration. Fires 

 frequently convert a high forest of hardwoods into a coppice forest. 



The younger age-classes suffer more from fire than the older age- 

 classes. A fire-swept, culled forest is deficient, at least temporarily, 

 in seedlings, saplings and small poles. A few years after a fire, the 

 culled forest often displays the features of the underplanted form of 

 high forest (Par. LXV. C. II. b.) or of the coppice-under-standard 

 form (Par. LXXIII). 



C. Cultured forms of high forest: 



I. Characteristic for the cultured forms of high forest is great 

 uniformity; lack of hyperinature, unsound and misshapen aristo- 

 crats; lack of weed-trees; lack of coppice shoots; complete cover 

 overhead ; multi- or omni- vendibility ; permanent means of transporta- 

 tion. 



The cultured forest does not require weeding or improvement 

 cuttings for the reason that cleanings and early thinnings have pre- 

 vented the development of weed-trees and wolf-trees, whilst the 

 hypermature veteran has been removed long ago. 



If the culled form is "the form of improvement cuttings", the 

 cultured form might be termed "the form of thinnings". 



II. Subdivisions of ciiltured high forest: 

 a. Main cultured forms of high forest : 



1. Even aged cultured forms, when the age-classes mixed within 

 a compartment differ by up to 25 years. 



aa. Form emanating from the cleared compartment type of 

 n. s. r. 



bb. Form emanating from the short-time shelterwood compart- 

 ment type of n. s. r., the periods of regeneration not exceeding 25 

 years. 



140 



