SYLVICULTURE 



Species adapted to form the lower leaf canopy are: Beech, 

 Hard Maple, Black Gum, Firs, Hemlocks. The species in the upper 

 story had better have a light-demanding character. The form is 

 created by raising a pole wood (even-aged) of Yellow Pine, Oak, 

 Hickory, Larch, etc.; by early and heavy thinnings from below; by 

 very heavy thinnings after the completion of the principal height 

 growth (year forty to sixty) ; and by planting at the same time eitlu-r 

 seeds or preferably seedlings of shade-bearing species. Should the 

 undergrowth catch up with the upper growth, either the one or the 

 other must be removed. The undergrowth preserves the fertility of 

 the soil by thorough shading, by the formation of a mixed humus 

 and by increased leaf-fall. It improves the bole-quality of the 

 upper growth, the crowns of the lower growth holding the boles of 

 the upper in close embrace. In addition, it prevents any part of the 

 timber-producing factors of the locality (atmosphere, light, moisture, 

 soil) from lying unutilized. Usually the undergrowth produces fire- 

 Avood, the upper growth timber. 



The so-called "Seebach's modified high forest" has Beech in the 

 upper as well as in the lower story. The lower story is obtained 

 from self-sown seed of the upper story after very heavy thinning. 

 Under and upper growth are finally utilized in the same year or in 

 the same period of years. 



III. Treatment of cultured high forest. 



Regeneration in the cultured form of high forest takes place in 

 any of the types of n. s. r., or by planting seeds and seedlings. As a 

 rule, natural regeneration is now combined with partial planting. 

 Cleaning and thinning are usually indicated, whilst, as stated, weed- 

 ing and improvement cutting are not required. 



Paragraph LXVI. Critical remarks on the forms of high forest. 



A. Attitude of the investor: 



It is almost amusing to observe the difference of attitudes which 

 the statesman, the lumberman and the forester show with respect 

 to the terms "primeval", "culled" and "cultured" forests. 



Still, all of these forests are justifiable, at least temporarily, 

 and usually justified by tne economic conditions evolving them. 



I. The primeval forest seems to be the " forest in economic 

 stagnation." Still, fortunes have been carved by many investors, 

 buying and retaining primeval forests for their own benefit and 

 incidentally for the benefit of later generations of men. With every 

 parcel of primeval forest destroyed, the value of the balance left 

 increases in estimation and in actual usefulness. 



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