SYLVICULTURE 



The revenue made per month amounts to: per head of cattle, fifty 

 cents; horses, seventy-five cents; sheep, ten cents. 



Where the growth of trees on a permanent pasture is too dense, 

 deadening or coppicing is required. Where it is too little or where 

 erosion sets in, the pasture must be abandoned for a number of yp<:rs. 

 Dead trees placed horizontally on pastured slopes safeguard the 

 pasture. 



In European and in Indian forests, pasture still plays a most 

 important role, frequently as a prescriptive right encumbering fore.sts 

 owned by the Crown or by the aristocracy. 



Relative to forest pasture in the Cascade Reserve of Oregon see 

 " Forest Policy." 



Forest pasture in the Pine woods of the South and of the Sourh- 

 west i<* of utmost economic importance. 



Forest pasturage requires regulation in the following points: 

 Number of animals per acre; species of stock and of trees; season of 

 fjistursge; remuneration; closed years; firing; responsibility; su- 

 pervision; salting; improvements; access. 



D. Forest fruit raising: 



I. Pecan. 



Large investments are being made in Pecan plantations in the 

 South. Usually seedlings three years old are planted fifty to sixty 

 feet apart. Payable crops are expected fifteen years after planting. 

 Cultivation and fertilization of Pecan orchards are required just as 

 in apple orchards. 



II. Apple-trees planted on freshly cutover woodlands (North- 

 west slopes) are said to be particularly promising. 



III. Chestnuts. Chestnuts are either obtained from the woods 

 where Chestnut trees are grown for timber, or from orchards. In 

 Pisgah Forest seed j'ears are said to occur every seven years. The 

 nuts sell at fifty cents to one dollar per bushel. The mountaineers 

 burn the woods to more readily uncover the nuts. 



Orcharding combined with grafting of French Chestnuts (Cas- 

 tanea vesca) on the American species has been tried in Pennsylvania 

 with little success owing to forest fires. 



In Southern France a large revenue is obtained from the nuts 

 ($5 to $6 annually from a good tree). 



IV. Acorns. The acorns of the White Oaks are ground as a sub- 

 stitute for coffee (Postum Cereal 80%). In addition, acorns are of 

 high value for pannage and in game preserves. 



V. Berries. The crop of berries growing in the forest is locally 

 leased to the highest bidder. The huckleberry crop is improved by 

 periodical burning. 



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